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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/bookoffruitsbeinOOmannrich 


J^/oores  Lvth  .  Tlostorc  . 


"WiLluin/s'  Bon  Ckjetien^or  Bartlett  Pear. 


BEING    A 

DESCRIPTIVE    CATALOGUE 

OF    THE 

MOST  VALUABLE   VARIETIES 

OF   THE 

FEAR;    A.FPZ.I:,  PISA.CH,  FZiXTSE    &   CHERRIT, 

FOR 


BT    ROBERT   MANNING. 


TO   'WHICH   19   ADDED   THE 

GOOSEBERRY,   CURRANT,   RASPBERRY,   STRAWBERRY, 
AND   THE  GRAPE  J 

WITH     MODES     OP     CULTURE. 
ALSO, 

HARDY    ORNAMENTAL    TREES    AND    SHRUBS. 


WITH    PliATBS. 


First  Series  for  1838, 


salem: 
published  by  ives  &  jewett. 

AND     FOR     SALE    AT    THE     DIFFERENT     BOOK-STORES     AND     SEID 
ESTABLISHMENTS    IN   NEW-ENGLAND. 

1838. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  tlie  year  1833, 

Bt  IVES  &  JEWETT, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  tlie  District  Court  of  Massacliusetts. 


SALEM   OBSERYER  PRESS. 


TABZiZ:  OF  CONTENTS. 


rage. 

Desultory  Remarks         -       - ltoI2 

Root. — Soil. — Manures 13  to  15 

Pruning 15  to  17 

Transplanting.— Fire-blight,  &c.           -.-...  17  to  20 

Experiment  in  Spring  and  Fall  Transplanting       ...       -  21 

Diseases.— Injurious  Insects,  &c. 22  to  24 

Grafting.— Season  for  cutting  them,  &c. 24  to  26 

Inoculation,  or  Budding 28  to  27 

Cultivation  of  the  Apple  and  Pear 27  to  30 

Cultivation  of  the  Peach 31  to  32 

Cultivation  of  the  Plum 32  to  33 

Cultivation  of  the  Cherry 34 

Cultivation  of  the  Currant  and  Gooseberry    -       -       -       -     *-  34  to  36 

Cultivation  of  the  Isabella  Grape 36  to  38 

Cultivation  of  the  Raspberry 38  to  39 

Cultivation  of  the  Strawberry 39  to  45 

50  varieties  of  the  Apple        (See  Index) 45  to  63 

81        "        "          Pear                  "                64  to  96 

15        "        «          Peach                «                .       ....  97  to  101 

20       «        «          Plum                 "                -----  101  to  107 

14       «       "         Cherry              "               108  to  112 

Hardy  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs           113  to  114 

List  of  Scotch  Gooseberries 115  to  116 

Lindley,  on  the  production  of  new  varieties  of  Fruit           -       -  116  to  118 


6f^<7 


[nF  The  directions  for  cuhure,  4*c-  and  the  articles  on  the  Strawberrj', 
Currant,  Raspberry,  Gooseberry  and  Grape,  together  with  the  plates, 
were  furnished  by  Mr.  John  M.  Ives. 


DBSUIiTORY   RBMARE:! 


The  Pomological  Garden  was  commenced  in  1823,  with  the  de- 
sign of  forming-  a  large  collection  of  specimen  trees  of  such  varieties  of 
foreign  and  native  fruits,  as  were  hardy  enough  to  endure  ihe  inclemency 
of  a  northern  winter.  After  a  strict  examination  of  the  produce  of  these 
trees,  carefully  comparing  the  wood,  the  leaf  and  the  fruit,  with  the  fig- 
ures and  descriptions  in  the  most  popular  works  on  Pomology,  it  was  in- 
tended to  select  for  permanent  cultivation,  those  varieties  which  were  at 
once  fitted  to  the  climate  of  New  England,  and  of  high  merit  in  them- 
selves. In  furtherance  of  this  purpose,  we  have  assiduously  culled 
from  American  catalogues  all  that  we  judged  worthy  of  trial,  and  im- 
ported from  the  first  European  establishments,  the  fruits  most  in  repute 
with  the  writers  of  their  respective  countries.  We  have  never  limited 
ourselves  to  one  specimen,  but  have  in  every  instance,  procured  trees  of 
each  name  from  many  different  sources,  in  order  the  more  surely  to  ar- 
rive at  correct  conclusions  respecting  their  identity,  as  well  as  to  multi- 
ply our  means  of  estimating  their  comparative  value. 

For  donations  of  scions  we  are  indebted  to  the  liberality  of  many  gen- 
tlemen of  our  own  country,  who  have  imported  choice  fruits  from  Europe 
for  their  own  gardens  5  to  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  to  the 
learned  Doctor  Van  Mons,  of  Brussels,  from  whom  we  have  received 
most  of  those  new  and  admirable  Pears  which  he  has,  for  many  years, 
produced  on  his  own  grounds,  or  obtained  from  the  horticulturists  of 
Belgium  and  Germany.  We  have  also  annually  collected  scions  of  all 
the  new  fruits  of  American  origin,  and  propose  to  continue  the  collection 

A* 


t)  DESULTORr   REMARKS. 

both  of  these  and  of  trees  from  the  best  foreig'ii  and  native  sources.  W^ 
shall  subject  their  produce  to  the  same  rigid  scrutiny  with  the  contents 
of  the  present  volume ;  and  shall  offer  those  which  prove  most  valuable 
and  hardy  to  nursery-men  and  amateurs,  who  will  thus  be  enabled  to 
obtain  varieties  of  tried  merit,  without  danger  of  the  necessity  of  a  re- 
r.ewal,  at  a  future  period,  after  waiting  many  years  for  the  appearance 
of  fruit. 

A  supplement  to  this  work  will  be  published  at  the  close  of  every 
fruit  season,  describing  each  desirable  kind  which  has  been  proved  dur- 
ing the  season.  With  the  exception  of  Peaches,  we  recommend  no 
fruit  that  will  not  ripen  in  any  part  of  New  England  or  New  York,  and 
in  the  southern  part  of  Canada.  Our  selections  have  been  made  from 
nearly  four  hundred  kinds,  which  we  have  raised  yearly.  Experience 
has  taught  us  that  many  fruits,  highly  extolled  by  European  writers,  and 
doubtless  of  great  excellence  in  their  native  soil,  either  perish  or  degen- 
era.te  in  our  colder  regions  ;  and  of  these  and  all  others  which  we  have 
found  in  any  respect  improper  for  cultivation,  we  design  hereafter  to 
publish  a  catalogue. 

We  do  not  claim  for  all  the  varieties  herein  enumerated,  the  distinc- 
tion of  first  rate  fruits  j  some  are  second  rale,  admitted  in  consideration 
of  their  size,  beauty  and  abundant  bearing,  though  their  flavour  is  not 
the  most  delicious.  The  essential  characteristics  of  a  first  rate  tree  are, 
health,  vigor,  and  fertility ;  those  of  a  first  rate  fruit  are,  magnitude  of 
size,  beauty  of  shape  and  colour,  and  richness  of  flavour.  But  a  small 
number  of  fruits,  uniting  all  these  qualities,  is  known  to  horticultural 
science  throughout  the  world.  Besides,  in  regard  to  the  taste  of  a  fruit, 
the  judgment  of  individuals  greatly  varies  3  what  one  person  would  pro- 
nounce exquisite,  might  to  another  seem  merely  tolerable.  In  commen- 
dation, however,  of  the  kinds  described  in  this  manual,  we  confidently 
declare  our  conviction,  that  no  possessor  of  any  or  all  of  them  would 
willingly  relinquish  their  culture  for  the  purpose  of  regrafiing  his  trees 
with  any  other  varieties. 

There  is  one  circumstance  to  which  we  venture  to  call  the  attention  of 
our  readers— that  while  some  recent  works  on  Pomology  are  compiled 
from  earlier  authors,  or  from  information  derived  at  second-hand,  the 
writers  themselves  seldom  having  the  means  of  observation  in  their 
power,  we  have  in  these  pages  described  no  specimen  which  we  have 
not  actually  identified,  beyond  a  reasonable  doubt  of  its  genuineness.' 


DESULTORY    REMARKS.  7 

Wc  offer  these  notices  merely  as  matters  of  fact,  without  embellishments. 
Recording  nothing  that  we  have  not  ourselves  witnessed,  we  have  quoted 
no  synonims,  and  referred  to  the  authority  of  preceding  writers  no  far- 
ther than  to  adopt  the  names  by  which  the  fruits  are  known  in  the  cata- 
logue of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  the  most  complete  work  on 
this  subject  hitherto  offered  to  the  public.  *:' 

The  innumerable  errors  in  the  names  of  fruits,  and  the  perplexity  and 
disappointment  arising  from  this  cause,  are  inconceivable  to  any  but  a 
collector.  It  is  very  desisable  that  there  should  he  some  acknowledged 
standard,  to  whose  authority,  in  doubtful  cases  of  this  nature,  we  might 
appeal.  Nurserymen  and  cultivators  have  generally  deemed  it  a  point 
too  trifling  for  consideration.  If  a  fruit  was  good,  the  name  was  sup- 
posed to  be  of  no  consequence.  A  better  stale  of  things  is,  however, 
beginning  to  prevail,  especially  in  the  United  Stales,  where  a  knowledge 
of  the  subject  is  widely  diffused,  and  a  laudable  solicitude  is  felt  Ihat 
catalogues  should  contain  no  varieties  but  what  are  actually  cultivated, 
and  ascertained  to  be  identically  the  kinds  which  their  titles  proclaim 
them  to  be.  | 

The  invoices  of  trees  from  France  frequently  furnish  instances  of  un- 
parallaled  ignorance,  or  even  fraud.  We  have  received  from  what  were 
considered  the  best  establishments,  laige  numbers  yearly — on  one  occa- 
sion several  hundred — all  bearing  new  and  high-sounding  names,  and 
the  greater  part  of  which  were  suffered  to  arrive  at  maturity  5  but,  with 
very  few  exceptions,  the  fruit  was  entirely  worthless. 

There  is  a  peculiar  difficulty  in  making  a  selection  of  choice  Apples, 
because,  in  addition  to  the  very  numerous  varieties  already  made  known 
by  the  different  Horticultural  societies,  and  included  in  the  nursery  cata- 
logues, we  are  constantly  receiving  accessions  from  cultivators  and  col- 
lectors 5  and,  in  travelling  through  New  England,  we  find  in  almost  ev- 
ery town,  and,  indeed,  on  most  farms,  some  valuable  fruits,  of  local 
origin,  which  have  never  been  introduced  to  general  notice.  Still,  we 
do  not  despair  of  success  in  our  endeavors  to  collect  the  most  desirable 
kinds,  both  native  and  foreign. 

A  very  large  number  of  new  pears  has  been  introduced,  and  was  ren- 
dered necessary  by  the  degeneracy  of  most  of  those  fine  old  varieties, 
for  a  long  course  of  years  so  successfully  cultivated  in  this  section  of 
the  country.     Some  of  these  old  kinds  still  continue  to  be   favorite  fruiti 


8  DESULTORY  RE3IARKS. 

for  the  dessert,  but  in  general  thej  have  become  worthless,  and  are  no 
longer  raised  on  standards,  or  in  the  open  ground.  We  are  more  than 
compensated  for  their  loss  by  the  new  Flemish  pears,  introduced  into 
the  United  States  by  the  liberality  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society, 
and  of  Doctor  J.  B.  Van  Mons.  These  new  fruits  have  in  most  instan- 
ces fulfilled  our  highest  expectations. 

There  has  also  been  a  large  accession  to  the  number  of  fine  Plums 
cultivated  in  New  England,  both  by  introductions  from  Europe,  and  by 
new  varieties  of  local  origin. 

From  our  collection  of  Plums,  not  yet  proved,  we  have  much  to  an- 
ticipate ;  we  earnestl3'  hope  to  find  among  them  fruits  not  only  of  great 
beauty  and  delicious  flavour,  but  free  from  those  fatal  diseases  which 
HOW  disfigure  and  destroy  the  finest  trees  of  this  species. 

We  have  obtained  fewer  additions  to  the  catalogue  of  Cherries  than 
to  that  of  any  other  fruit ;  partly  because  the  season  for  them  is  so  short, 
that  a  few  varieties  suffice  for  the  interval  from  tl>e  first  to  the  latest 
ripening  j  and  because  we  already  possessed  a  few  fine  sorts,  which 
neither  in  their  growth  nor  fruit  partook  in  the  smallest  degree  of  the  de- 
generacy of  the  old  pears,  and  some  other  species  j  but  principally,  at 
least  this  was  our  own  case,  from  the  difficulty  of  protecting  them  from 
the  birds.  The  last  season  we  had  but  few  perfect  specimens,  except 
the  Bigarreau.  We  expected  to  prove  and  bring  into  notice  many  new 
and  valuable  sorts,  and  our  disappointment  may  be  imagined  at  finding 
ourselves  in  every  instance  anticipated  by  these  innocent  depredators. 
Such  has  been  the  security  tliey  have  felt  in  our  grounds,  and  so  great 
their  increase,  that  not  only  Cherries,  Gooseberries  and  Currants,  but 
Apples,  Pears  and  Plums  have  shared  in  their  ravages,  and  given  proof 
of  their  good  taste,  which  invariably  leads  them  to  the  finest  fruit  j  and 
it  may  become  a  matter  for  serious  consideration,  whether  in  continuing 
our  protection  to  them,  we  do  not  risk  the  total  loss  of  some  of  the  most 
desirable  appendages  to  the  dessert. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  but  few  Peaches  are  included  among  our 
descriptions.  We  had  collected  from  Europe  many  fine  varieties,  and 
from  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  a  very  large  number 
of  the  most  celebrated  in  those  States,  where  the  climate  is  so  favoura- 
ble to  their  cultivation  ;  these  trees  were  planted  out  as  specimens,  and 
for  many  years  produced  an  abundance  of  delicious  fruit  j  but  they  have 


DESULTORY    REMARKS.  9 

■&I1,  even  the  young  trees  from  which  we  had  hoped  a  future  supply, 
fallen  victims  to  the  severity  of  our  winters,  and  the  recent  short  and  un- 
propitious  summers  5  and  we  believe  the  destruction  has  extended  over 
the  whole  of  New  England.  We  still  trust,  however,  upon  hardy  stocks, 
and  with  the  influence  of  more  genial  suns,  to  be  able  at  some  future 
lime  to  exhibit  a  larger  number  of  specimens  than  we  have  ever  yet 
done,  of  this  fruit,  the  most  exquisite  product  of  the  temperate  regions. 

As  a  source  of  income,  it  is  believed  that  no  pursuit  could  more  safe- 
ly be  relied  upon  than  the  cultivation  of  fruit  for  the  markets  of  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  United  Slates.  Many  fearful  predictions  have  been 
uttered  by  those  over  prudent  people  who  foresee  loss  and  disappoint- 
ment in  every  undertaking  j  but  still  we  find  the  demand  for  this  luxury 
increasing,  while  the  prices  obtained  for  the  finest  sorts  have  not  dimin- 
ished, but  rather  advanced.  It  is  true  that  the  taste  of  the  public  has 
grown  fastidious,  but  to  provide  for  this  the  grower  has  only  to  become 
more  scrupulously  nice  in  his  choice  of  varieties,  of  which  the  different 
Horticultural  societies  have  made  known  a  multitude  sufficiently  excel- 
lent to  gratify  the  most  refined  palate. 

Owners  of  land  would  find  it  for  their  interest  to  raise,  in  orchards,  on 
an  extended  scale,  the  finest  large  winter  baking  pears,  cither  for  the 
supply  of  our  own  markets,  or  for  exportation  to  the  South,  where  the}' 
meet  a  ready  sale  at  a  price  which  will  amply  repay  the  cost  and  trouble 
of  cultivation. 

We  well  remember  the  discouraging  advice  that  we  frequently  received 
at  the  beginning  of  our  course  as  a  cultivator.  We  were  too  old,  it  was 
said,  to  expect  to  reap,  in  our  own  person,  the  fruits  of  our  labours; 
yet  in  spite  of  these  and  manj'  other  prophecies  of  the  same  nature,  we 
persevered,  and  have  not  only  had  the  satisfaction  of  raising  a  great  va- 
riety and  abundance  of  fine  fruit,  but  of  producing,  from  the  seed,  the 
Apple,  Pear,  Peach,  Plum,  Cherry,  Nectarine  and  Currant.  At  one 
time  we  planted  a  peck  of  the  Siberian  Crab  Apple,  and  part  of  the 
plants  oeing  suffered  to  bear,  the  countless  varieties  in  the  size,  shape, 
and  colour  of  the  fruit  were  well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  curious  ;  we 
believe  not  one  specimen  of  all  that  we  noticed  precisely  resembled  that 
from  which  it  originated.  At  another  lime  we  collected  in  the  market  at 
Boston,  a  large  quantity  of  peach-stones ;  these  were  planted  in  close 
rows  in  poor  laiid,  which  caused  many  of  them  to  bear  the  fouith  year. 
We  tasted  of  die  fruit  from  more  than  six  hundred  trees;  they  were  of  every 


10  DESULTORY  REMARKS. 

degree  of  merit}  some  of  high  excellence,  so  valuable  thai  we  regretted 
they  should  share  the  fate  of  our  whole  collection  of  peaches,  which,  as 
we  before  observed,  were  destroyed  by  the  late  unfavorable  seasons. 

We  mention  these  seminal  productions  only  to  show  that  our  labours 
meet  a  speedy  reward,  and  that  a  person  is  seldom  so  advanced  in  life 
that  he  may  not  reasonably  look  for  both  requital  and  gratification  in  so 
laudable  a  pursuit.  But  to  a  young  man  with  the  advantages  of  fortune 
and  a  familiarity  with  the  modern  languages,  researches  of  this  nature 
would  open  an  inexhaustible  source  of  enjoyment.  He  could  scarcely 
be  more  honorably  and  usefully  occupied  than  in  collecting  and  identify- 
ing fruits,  and  introducing  them  to  the  notice  of  his  countrymen ;  nor 
better  rewarded  than  in  witnessing  his  anticipations,  from  year  to  year, 
continually  realized  and  continually  renewed.  The  same  ardour  which 
characterises  the  collectors  of  shells,  birds  and  insects,  would  produce, 
in  Horticulture,  far  more  delightful  and  more  noble  results. 

A  division  of  ibe  piirsuit)  SO  that  the  attention  of  one  person  could  be 
fcxciusively  ciirecled  to  one  species  of  fruit,  would  probably  greatly  fa- 
cilitate the  progress  of  investigation,  and  lead  to  many  satisfactory  con- 
clusions respecting  the  varieties  most  worth}'  of  cultivation.  If  France 
has  produced  her  Duhamel,  Belgium  her  Van  Mons,  and  England  her 
Thompson,  is  it  unreasonable  to  seek  among  gentlemen  of  leisure  and 
education  in  the  United  States,  for  one,  who  following  in  the  footsteps  of 
these  illustrious  men,  with  the  advantage  of  the  light  derived  from  their 
researches,  shall  compensate  for  the  long  delay  of  the  experimental  gar- 
den, promised  by  our  own  Horticultural  Society. 

In  speaking  as  we  have,  of  the  annoyances  sustained  from  birds,  we 
are  still  fully  persuaded  that  these  plunderers,  as  they  are  sometimes 
called,  more  than  compensate  for  their  occasional  inroads  upon  our  or- 
chards by  their  services  in  the  spring,  and  also  during  their  incubation, 
in  destroying  insects.  We  too  often,  perhaps,  notice  the  former,  while 
the  latter  are  remote,  or  not  obtrusive. 

In  early  spring  and  during  the  breeding  season,  we  see  them  every 
minute  of  the  day  in  continual  progress,  flying  from  the  nest  for  a  sup- 
ply, and  returning  on  rapid  wing  with  a  grub,  a  catterpillar,  or  a  small 
reptile.  The  numbers  captured  by  them  in  the  course  of  these  travels 
are  incredibly  numerous,  keeping  under  ihe  increase  of  these  races.  We 
have  seen  the  Ampelis^  or  Cherry  Bird,  that  remarkably  silent  and  dove- 


bESULTORY  REMARKS.  li 

like  species,  in  great  numbers  early  in  the  spring,  and  also  during  the 
time  of  nidification  upon  our  apple  trees,  when  the  canker  worm  was 
about  half  grown,  destroying  them  in  great  numbers.  It  is  also  known 
to  every  observer  of  nature  how  extremely  fond  our  common  and  famil- 
iar robin  is  of  grubs,  those  insidious  enemies  to  our  garden  crops,  as 
well  as  the  slimy  slug  which  often  infest  our  young  pear  trees  5  and  any 
individual  who  may  have  had  the  robin  as  a  cage  bird,  is  aware  of 
the  quantities  of  insects,  or  worms,  he  will  devour  in  a  day  3  and  when 
we  take  into  view  the  circumstance  of  these  birds  having  usually  two 
broods  in  a  season  of  four  each,  it  will  give  us  at  least  some  idea  of  the 
quantity  of  this  peculiar  food  required  for  at  least  four  months  in  each 
year.  And  although  called  plunderers,  they  are  in  fact  benefactors  like- 
wise, seeming  to  be  appointed  by  nature  as  agents  for  keeping  under  the 
increase  of  these  races.  Nearly  all  our  hard-billed  or  granivorous 
birds,  are  in  spring  and  the  early  part  of  our  summer  decidedly  insec- 
tivorous. "  Public  economy  and  utility,"  says  one,  "  no  less  than  hu- 
manity, plead  for  the  protection  of  the  feathered  race ;  and  the  wanton 
destruction  of  birds,  so  useful,  beautiful,  and  amusing,  if  not  treated  as 
such  by  law,  ought  to  be  considered  as  a  crime  by  every  moral,  feeling, 
and  reflecting  mind.'' 


BOOK    OF    FRUITIS. 


ROOT. MANURE  S . 

The  root  being  the  commencement  and 
foundation  of  Trees,  its  office  is  to  collect  and 
apply  the  food  which  forms  and  determines  its 
growth ;  hence  if  the  roots  grow  luxuriantly, 
the  branches  will  also, — and  the  reverse.  "It 
often  happens,"  says  Miller,  "  that  the  roots  of 
trees  are  buried  too  deep  in  the  ground,  which 
in  a  cold  or  moist  soil  is  one  of  the  greatest  dis- 
advantages that  can  attend  Fruits ; — for  the 
sap  in  the  branches  being  by  the  warmth  of 
the  air  put  strongly  into  motion  early  in  the 
spring,  is  exhausted  in  nourishing  the  blos- 
soms, and  a  part  of  it  is  perspired  through  the 
wood  branches,  so  that  its  strength  is  lost  be- 
fore the  warmth  can  reach  the  shoots  to  put 
them  into  an  equal  motion  in  search  of  fresh 
nourishment,  to  supply  the  expenses  of  the 
branches,  for  want  of  which  the  blossoms  fall 

B 


14  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

off  and  decay."  Most  trees  will  thrive  if  they 
have  two  feet  in  depth  of  good  earth,  espe- 
cially when  their  roots  spread  near  the  sur- 
face ;  for  whether  that  which  supplies  food  for 
the  Tree  be  a  black,  yellow  or  brown  loam,  it 
can  only  be  furnished  within  a  certain  depth 
from  the  surface,  or  within  the  influence  of 
the  sun  and  air.  Large  roots,  running  deep 
and  spreading  wide,  may  be  necessary  to  pro- 
duce large  Timber  Trees,  but  not  Fruit  Trees, 
for  these  are  more  prolific  When  their  roots  are 
much  divided  or  fibrous,  and  kept  near  the 
surface  of  the  soil.  With  regard  to  the  man- 
ure for  Fruit  Trees,  Bradley,  Hitt  and  Miller, 
"consider  the  food  of  plants  to  be  salts,  which 
every  species  of  earth  contains  within  itself, 
and  that  according  to  the  proportion  of  salts 
contained  in  each  kind  of  soil  or  manure,  will 
its  prolificacy  be."  We  are  of  opinion  from 
the  use  which  we  have  made  of  the  sea  marl 
or  muscle  bed,  that  it  is  on  the  whole  the  best 
manure,  either  for  top  dressing  or  shallow 
ploughing,  of  any  substance  in  use  among  us, 
particularly  when  applied  to  light  soils.  It  is 
said  by  some,  that  salt  is  valuable  only  as  a 
chemical  agent,  by  destroying  and  hastening 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  15 

the  decomposition  of  animal  and  vegetable 
substances,  and  by  its  deliquescence  in  many 
instances  increasing  the  fertility  of  soils.  It  is 
undoubtedly  true,  as  said  by  Sir  Humphrey 
Davy,  that  the  great  object  in  the  application 
of  manures  shoiald  be,  "to  make  it  afford  as 
much  soluble  matter  as  possible  to  the  roots  of 
the  plant,  and  that  in  a  slow  and  gradual  man- 
ner, so  that  it  may  be  entirely  consumed  in 
forming  its  sap  and  organized  parts."  Vege- 
table manures  in  ^^eneral  contain  fibrous  and 
insoluble  matter,  which  must,  says  the  same 
writer,  "undergo  chemical  changes  before  they 
become  the  food  of  plants." 

If  the  situation  or  soil  in  which  Fruit  Trees 
sre  placed,  retains  stagnant  water,  destructive 
to  their  healthy  growth,  drains  must  be  made 
to  carry  it  off,  or  means  taken  to  prevent  the 
roots  from  running  into  it. 

PRUNING. 

it  is  rather  difficult  to  give  upon  paper  very 
explicit  directions  in  this  department  of  cul- 
ture, as  many  varieties  of  Fruit  Trees  require 
different  management :  Peaches,  cherries,  and 
plums  are  always  in  the  greatest  vigor  when 


16  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

they  are   the  least  maimed  by  the  knife,  for 
when  these  trees  have  large  amputations,  they 
are  very  subject  to  gum,  and  decay  ;  so  that 
it  is  certainly  the  most  prudent  method  care- 
fully to  rub  off  all  useless  buds,  when  they 
are   first   produced,  and  pinch  others  where 
new  shoots  are  wanted  ^o  supply  vacancies. 
Fruit  Trees   in   this  latitude    should    not  be 
pruned  in  the  Fall  or  Winter,  or  before  the 
sap  is  in  motion,   as  they  are  at  those  times 
exceedingly   apt  to   crack   or   canker.     The 
proper  season  for  pruning  we  consider,  is  im- 
mediately upon  the  swelling  of  the   buds,  or 
expanding  of  the  leaves,  as  at  this  time  the 
sap  being  in  vigorous  motion,  the  wounds  soOn 
heal  over.     Every  limb  should  be  cut  close  to 
the  main   stem,   and  if  sawed  off,   should  be 
then  finished  smoothly  with  a  sharp  knife.     If 
the  limb  is  large,  a  composition  of  red  ochre 
and  tar  should  be  spread  upon  the  end  to  keep 
out  moisture,  &c.,  or  the  composition  here- 
after named.     From  the   strong  and   vigorous 
growth  of  Fruit  Trees  in  our  country,  close 
pruning  is  less  necessary  here  than  in  England, 
from  whence  we  have  derived  most  of  our  in- 
structions ;  excessive  pruning  with  us  is  apt 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  17 

to  generate  suckers  from  the  limbs.  Judicious 
pruning,  however,  will  promote  health  and 
early  fruitfulness.  Trees  differing,  as  they 
do  in  form,  require  very  different  treat-, 
ment  in  pruning.  Coxe,  of  New  Jersey,  says, 
''  those  who  can  conveniently  do  it  will  find  a 
benefit  from  forming  the  heads  of  their  trees 
in  the  Nursery,  the  year  before  they  remove 
them — when  transplanted,  they  will  thrive 
more  rapidly  from  not  having  been  pruned  at 
the  time  of  removal." 

Every  limb  which  crosses  another  should  be 
taken  off.  In  pruning  apple  and  pear  trees, 
the  external  branches  should  be  every  where 
rendered  thin  and  pervious  to  the  sun. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

In  the  removal  of  trees,  care  is  necessary  ta 
obtain  as  much  of  the  roots  as  possible,  and  in 
re-setting,  that  none  are  doubled  back  and  dis- 
torted. Cutting  off  smoothly  the  end  of  each 
root  that  may  be  broken  or  cut  by  the  spade, 
is  indispensable,  and  all  fibrous  roots  that  are 
injured  should  also  be  cut  close  to  the  root 
upon  which  they  are  attached ;  the  root  or 
stem   should  be  pressed  close  down  on  the 


18  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

soil,  SO  as  to  place  the  roots  in  a  horizontal 
direction,  and  all  of  them  drawn  out  straight 
like  a  fan,  or  rays  verging  from  a  centre  to  a 
semicircle,  and  the  soil  thrown  evenly  over ; 
the  tree  should  not  be  shaken  after  the  earth 
is  placed  upon  the  roots,  as  is  too  generally 
practised  ;  for  when  a  tree  is  thus  raised  up, 
the  small  roots  or  fibres  will  be  drawn  out  of 
their  places,  and  when  the  stem  is  thrust  down 
again,  the  roots  being  too  weak  to  force  their 
way  back  into  the  soil,  will  be  doubled  up, 
which  often  causes  knobs,  and  throws  out 
suckers  ;  neither  will  the  earth  require  to  be 
trodden  down  hard^  but  gently ;  or  if  it  be  a 
dry  or  loose  loamy  soil,  setting  in  puddle^ 
which  is  to  water  as  you  set  it ; — this 
last  method  is  undoubtedly  the  best,  when 
au  individual  has  time  to  attend  to  it, — it  is 
a  slower  process.  Copious  watering  after  a 
tree  is  set,  is  often  very  prejudicial,  by  wash- 
ing the  soil  from  the  roots. 

Fruit  Trees  should  rarely  be  placed  deeper 
in  the  ground  than  they  originally  stood  in  the 
Nursery.  Pear  trees  bear  their  fruit  on  short 
buds,  or  spurs  of  one,  two,  three  or  more  years 
growth,  from  the  strongest  branches  ;  and  the 


BOOK   OF   FRUITS.  19 

same  spurs  will  continue  to  produce  fruit  for 
a  great  length  of  time  ;  but  they  do  not  often 
produce  fruit  until  they  have  a  surface  of 
branches  very  large  in  proportion  to  the  sap 
supplied  by  the  roots.  Thus  we  find  that 
when  pear  trees  are  planted  in  a  deep,  rich 
soil,  they  grow  rapidly,  and  therefore  require 
a  number  of  years  to  bring  them  to  a  bearing 
state ;  on  the  contrary,  when  growing  in  a 
light  or  dry  shallow  soil,  they  collect  but  a 
small  quantity  of  sap,  and  require  but  a  confin- 
ed surface  which  is  produced  in  a  short  time, 
and  they  are  consequently  brought  to  a  bear- 
ing state  in  a  few  years.  Wherever  canker 
or  gum  appears,  the  decayed  or  infected  part 
must  be  cut  entirely  out,  and  some  soot  mois- 
tened and  rubbed  over  the  wound,  or  the  com- 
position hereafter  named.  This  will  generally 
prevent  its  spreading  further,  and  save  the 
branch. 

With  regard  to  what  is  called  Fire-blight, 
which  occasionally  effects  the  pear  tree,  during 
the  months  of  June  and  July,  causing  the 
branch  to  turn  black  and  its  leaves  to  wither, 
and  which  may  sometimes  be  caused  by  forcing 
or  high  manuring,  or  to  the  duration  of  the  van- 


20  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

ety  (as  natural  trees  are  seldom  if  ever  attack- 
ed by  it)  we  know  of  no  better  course  than 
that  which  we  should  pursue  in  the  case  of 
the  black  warts,  or  excresences  upon  the 
plum,  which  is,  to  cut  off  at  once  the  limb 
just  below  the  affected  part. 

If  trees  are  found  to  grow  too  luxuriantly, 
and  to  form  only  wood  for  years,  even  afte 
they  are  of  sufficient  size  and  age  for  the  pro- 
duction of  fruit,  the  earth  should  be  removed, 
just  before  the  frost  sets  in,  and  a  propor- 
tion of  the  deepest  growing  roots  cut  off,  thus 
checking  its  luxuriousness,  and  rendering  it 
more  fruitful.  This  question  is  often  asked, 
which  is  the  best  season  for  removing  trees, 
Spring  or  Fall  ?  Horticulturalists  are  about 
equally  divided,  some  preferring  one  and  some 
the  other.  We  think  in  ordinary  seasons,  pro- 
vided it  can  he  done  early,  that  Spring  is  pref- 
erable, particularly  for  stone  fruit  and  pears  up- 
on quinces.  Lindly,  a  popular  English  writer, 
says  that  "  Trees  cannot  be  removed  from  the 
Nursery  too  soon  after  the  wood  has  become 
ripe,  and  the  leaves  fallen  off;  for  between 
this  time  and  the  Winter  many  of  them  will 
make  fresh  roots,  and  be  prepared  to  push 
forth  their  young  shoots  with  much  more  vig- 


BOOK   OF  FRUITS.  21 

or  ill  the  Spring."  This  will  not  apply  to 
New  England  ;  cold  weather  sets  in  too  early 
after  the  fall  of  the  leaf  for  this  ever  to  take 
place,  and  we  think  it  extremely  doubtful  that 
this  can  ever  occur  in  the  climate  of  England. 
The  impression  that  fibres  will  form  in  the 
Autumn  from  newly  set  trees  is  common,  but 
we  have  never  witnessed  it.  The  following 
experiments  in  Spring  and  Fall  planting  have 
been  made  at  our  Nurseries,  viz  :  We  receiv- 
ed from  Albany  in  November,  1 836,  two  hun- 
dred pear  trees,  grafted  on  free  stocks,  whicii 
were  immediately  set  out ;  and  on  the  follow- 
ing night  the  ground  was  completely  frozen. 
They  all,  with  the  exception  of  ten,  leaved  out 
the  following  Summer, 

In  March  of  the  next  year,  1837,  we  re- 
ceived from  France  the  same  number  of  pears 
grafted  upon  quinces.  When  they  arrived  at 
Boston,  the  frost  prevented  our  setting  them, 
and  they  were  immediately  taken  to  Newton, 
and  placed  in  Mr  Kenrick's  Moss  House.  In 
the  course  of  three  or  four  weeks  they  were 
received  at  our  grounds  in  North  Salem,  and 
set  out.  We  lost  but  eight  of  these  trees  ;  six 
of  them  bore  fruit  the  same  season. 


28  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

DISEASES — INJURIOUS    INSECTS,    &C. 

The  injuries  and  diseases  to  which  fruit  trees 
are  subject,  are  often  difficult  to  be  accounted 
for,  and  the  various  methods  devised  for  their 
correction  so  abundant,  that  the  space  allotted 
in  this  small  treatise  will  allow  us  to  select 
but  a  few  of  those  which  we  think  on  the 
whole  best. 

The  following  remedy  is  found  to  be  the 
most  effective  in  preventing  further  decay,  and 
restoring  a  healthy  veg:etatioii,  answering  n^ 
double  purpose,  being  also  an  excellent  graft- 
ing composition.     It  is  given  thus  : — 

Take  one  pound  of  pitch,  one  pound  of 
rosin,  half  pound  beesw  ax,  quarter  pound  lard, 
quarter  pound  turpentine,  melted  and  mixed  ; 
spread  evenly  and  thin,  w  ith  a  brush  upon  soft 
kcntish  cap  paper  or  strips  of  cotton  cloth. 
This  compound  will  resist  the  force  of  w  ashing 
rains,  frost,  drying  w  inds,  and  the  influence  of 
a  changeable  atmosphere. 

Now  prepare  the  tree  properly  for  its  appli- 
cation, by  cutting  away  all  the  dead,  decayed, 
and  injured  parts,  till  you  come  to  sound 
wood,  leaving  the  surface  very  smooth,  and 


BOOK   OF   FRUITS.  2S 

rounding  off  the  edges  of  the  bark  with  a 
sharp  drawing  knife  ;  then  laj  the  plaster  over 
the  part  cut  away.  In  hollows  of  trees,  you 
must  scoop  out  all  the  rotten,  loose,  and  dead 
parts,  till  you  come  to  the  sound  wood,  and 
then  apply  the  composition  as  above.  With 
regard  to  the  destruction  of  blighting  insects, 
the  i^ractice  of  burning  weeds,  wet  straw,  hay, 
Slc.  to  the  windward  of  trees,  particulariy 
when  sulphur  is  added,  is  probably  as  good  a 
method  as  can  be  adopted.  Wood  ashes 
sprinkled  upon  the  leaves  of  pear  trees,  infest- 
ed by  the  slimy  slug,  particularly  if  it  is  done 
during  wet  and  drizzly  weather,  we  have 
found  very  effective  in  destroying  them.  The 
canker  which  destroys  many  of  our  fruit  trees, 
is  said  by  Scotch  gardeners,  to  be  owing  to  a 
stintiness  that  takes  place  in  the  trees  from  a 
bad  sub-soil.  With  regard  to  the  insects  that 
infest  trees,  we  consider  the  borer  the  most 
destructive.  The  Philadelphia  Horticultural 
Society  awarded  to  a  Mr  Snyder,  the  premi- 
um for  the  best  assortment  of  fruits  exhibited 
at  their  show.  This  man  had  been  in  the 
habit  of  placing  ashes  of  cmthracite  coal  about 
the  roots  of  his  fruit  trees,  and  to  this  circum- 


24  BOOK   OF   FRUITS. 

Stance  he  attributed  their  preservation  from 
the  attacks  of  insects.  We  know  not,  howev- 
er, a  more  effectual  way  of  destroying  this  in- 
sidious insect,  than  by  cutting  them  out. 

GRAFTING. 

Grafting  is  the  taking  of  a  shoot  from  one 
tree  and  inserting  it  into  another,  in  such  a 
manner,  that  both  may  unite  closely  and  be- 
come one  tree.  These  shoots  are  called  sci- 
ons or  grafts,  and  in  the  choice  of  them  we 
observe  the  following  directions.  1st.  That 
they  are  shoots  of  the  former  year.  2d.  Al- 
ways cut  them  from  healthy,  fruitful  trees. 
3d.  Those  are  preferable  which  are  taken 
from  the  lateral  or  horizontcd,  rather  than  from 
the  strong  perpendicular  shoots. 

Grafts  may  be  cut  from  the  trees  before  the 
buds  begin  to  swell,  in  February  or  March,  or 
late  in  the  Fall.  They  should  be  buried  hcdt 
their  length  in  the  ground,  or  in  a  cool  and 
dry  cellar.  The  season  for  grafting  must  be 
regulated  by  the  weather,  which  is  so  un- 
certain in  our  climate,  that  we  think  it  better 
to  defer  the  operation  till  the  circulation  of  the 
sap  is  brisk,  and  the  buds  of  the  stocks  are 


BOOK    OF    FRCITS.  25 

putting  forth  their  leaves.  In  a  long  contin- 
uance of  dry  weather,  grafts  frequently  fail  of 
taking.  This  operation  is  generally  more  suc- 
cessful, if  performed  in  a  moist  or  cloudy  day. 
Among  the  various  methods  of  engrafting, 
the  following  we  consider  as  successful  as  any 
described,  viz  :  cleft  or  slit-grafting.  It  is 
performed  on  stocks  from  one  to  two  inches 
in  diameter.  The  head  of  the  stock  bein^ 
carefully  cut  off  in  a  sloping  direction,  a  per- 
pendicular cleft  or  slit  is  to  be  made,  about 
two  inches  deep  towards  the  back  of  the 
slope,  into  which  a  wedge  is  to  be  driven,  in 
order  to  keep  it  open  for  the  admission  of  the 
scion  ;  the  latter  must  now  be  cut  in  a  per- 
pendicular direction,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
wedge,  so  as  to  fit  the  incision  in  the  stock, 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  inner  bark  of  both 
the  stock  and  scion  may  meet  exactly.  It  is 
then  covered  over  with  grafting  clay,  compos- 
ed of  half  cow-dung,  free  from  litter,  and  fresh 
loam  well  incorporated,  or  the  following  com- 
position, which  is  made  of  equal  parts  of  rosin, 
beeswax  and  tallow,  or  lard,  melted  and  spread 
upon  strips  of  brown  paper  or  cloth.  We 
have  practised  grafting  under  the  bark  in 
Spring,  in  the  manner  of  budding  with  good 
c 


26  BOOK  OF  pRurrs. 

success,  applying  in  everj  case  the  composi^ 
tion  in  preference  to  the  claj* 

BUDDING,  &c. 

Inoculation  or  budding,  is  commonly  prac- 
tised upon  stone  fruits,  such  as  peaches,  cher- 
ries, plums,  Sic,  and  we  think  it  preferable  to 
grafting  for  nearly  all  kinds  of  fruit. 

The  object  in  budding  is  the  same  as  in 
grafting,  and  depends  on  the  same  principle ; 
all  the  difference  between  a  bud  and  a  scion 
being,  that  a  bud  is  a  shoot  or  scion  in  embryo. 
When  grafting  has  been  omitted,  or  has  failed 
in  Spring,  budding  comes  in  as  an  auxiliary 
in  Summer.  The  season  for  budding  is  from 
the  beginning  of  July  to  the  middle  of  Au- 
gust, the  criterion  being  the  formation  of  buds 
in  the  axillse  of  the  leaf  of  the  present  year. 
The  best  buds  are  those  on  the  middle  of  a 
young  shoot,  not  those  at  the  lower  end ;  stocks 
for  budding  may  in  general  be  much  smaller 
than  for  grafting,  as  the  operation  may  be  per- 
formed on  the  same  year's  shoot.  The  French 
enumerate  twenty-three  varieties  of  budding; 
but  the  variety  in  general  use  with  us  is  the 
following,  called  shield  or  T  budding.  It  is 
thus  perfonned :  Select  a  smooth  part  of  the 
stock,  rather  from,   than  towards,    the    sun,; 


BOOK   OF   FRUITS.  27 

thien  with  the  budding-knife  make  a  horizon- 
tal cut  across  the  bark,  quite  through  to  the 
firm  wood  ;  from  the  middle  of  this  transverse 
cut,  make  a  sUt  downward,  an  inch  or  more 
long,  going  also  quite  through  to  the  wood. 
This  done,  proceed  to  cut  out  from  the  scion 
the  bud,  cutting  nearly  halfway  into  the  wood, 
then  with  thtj  thumb  nail  or  point  of  the  knife 
take  out  the  wood,  observing  that  the  eye  or 
germ  of  the  bud  remains  perfect ;  if  not,  and 
a  little  hole  appears  in  that  part,  it  is  imper- 
fect, or  as  gardeners  express  it,  the  bud  has  lost 
its  root  and  another  must  be  prepared.  Many 
gardeners  do  not  take  out  the  wood,  consider- 
ing  it  unnecessary,  but  insert  the  bud  with 
the  wood  attached.  With  regard  to  the  fu- 
ture treatment,  see  the  article  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  Pear. 

APPLES. 

With  regard  to  the  transplanting,  pruning, 
&c.  of  Apple  Trees,  the  directions  hereafter 
given  in  the  article  "Cultivation  of  the  Pear," 
will  generally  apply  to  this  fruit. 

CULTIVATION    OF    THE    PEAR. 

Pears  are  propagated  by  grafting  in  the 
Spring,  or  budding  late  in  Summer,    either 


28  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

upon  the  common  pear  stock,  or  upon  tbe 
quince.  The  pear-stock  is  undoubtedly  the 
best  for  those  intended  for  open  standards  or 
orchard  planting,  but  the  quince  stocks  (which 
have  for  a  long  time  been  used  by  the  French 
for  dwarfs  or  half-standards)  occupy  but  lit- 
tle space  in  a  garden,  are  productive,  and 
the  fruit  they  produce  is  frequendy  of  a  larg- 
er size  than  the  same  grown  on  pear  stocks. 
Dubreiul  recommends  the  quince  stock  ior 
clayey  and  light  soils,  and  the  free  stock  pear, 
for  chalky  and  silecious  soils.  Grafting  or 
budding  pears  upon  the  white  thorn  is  some- 
times practised  with  success.  The  quince 
stock  should  be  budded  at  or  helow  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  when  the  bark  will  sepa- 
rate entirely  from  the  wood,  which  in  this  lat- 
itude takes  place  about  the  last  of  July  or  early 
in  August. 

The  following  Spring,  when  the  bud  com- 
mences pushing,  cut  the  stock  off  to  witlim 
three  inches  of  the  bud,  and  in  the  next  seas- 
on finish  or  cut  off  the  snag  smoothly  to  the 
bud  or  shoot.  In  the  third  season,  when  the 
trees  are  removed  to  the  situation  in  which 
they  are  to  remain  for  fruiting,   be  careful  to 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 


29 


re-set  them  at  least  one  inch  below  the  inser- 
tion of  the  hud,  as  shown  in  the  following  cut 
of  a  trained  tree. 


This  cut  of  a  dwarf  tree  is  placed  to  show  the  position  of  the  quinre 
«tock,  when  grafted  or  budded  with  the  pear  one  inch  below  the  surface  of 
the  soil. 


30  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

Setting  the  stock  one  inch  below  the  bud 
or  scion,  will  preserve  it  from  the  cold  in 
Winter  and  the  insidious  borer  in  Spring.  In 
order  to  produce  fruit  early,  the  side  shoots  or 
spurs  should  be  suffered  to  remain  upon  the 
whole  extent  of  the  tree,  as  thej  will  then 
generally  form  fruit  buds  upon  each  spur. 
These  trees  are  admirably  adapted  for  small 
gardens,  occupying  but  little  space,  less  ex- 
posed to  high  winds,  affording  greater  security 
to  heavy  fruit.  One  of  our  best  new  Euro- 
pean Pears,  the  "Duchess  of  Angouleme," 
when  grown  as  a  dwarf  produces  a  fine  large 
fruit,  but  small  and  greatly  inferior  w^hen 
grown  upon  a  standard.  "  When  pears  are 
grafted  or  budded  on  the  wild  species,  apples 
upon  crabs,and  peaches  upon  peaches,  the  scion 
is,in  regard  to  fertility,  exactly  in  the  same  state 
as  if  it  had  not  been  grafted  at  all ;  while  on 
the  other  hand,  a  great  increase  of  fertility  is 
the  result  of  grafting  pears  upon  quinces, 
peaches  upon  plums,  apples  upon  the  thorn, 
and  the  like.  In  these  cases  the  food  absorb- 
ed from  the  earth  by  the  root  of  the  stock  is 
communicated  slowly  to  the  scion."  No  other 
influence  have  we  ever  noticed  exercised  by 
the  scion  upon  the  stock. 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  31 


PEACHES, 


All  the  varieties  of  peaches  are  generally 
continued  by  budding,  and  new  ones  obtain- 
ed by  planting  the  stones,  which  should  be 
done  as  soon  after  they  are  separated  from 
the  pulp  as  possible.  The  plum  is  a  good 
stock  to  engraft  this  fruit  upon,  particularly 
if  wanted  for  dwarfs  or  trained  to  espaliers. 
Among  the  casualties  to  which  these  trees  are 
subject,  the  worm,  or  grub,  as  we  call  it, 
is  the  most  destructive.  Its  attacks  ordinari- 
ly begin  in  the  stem,  near  the  surface  of  the 
earth ;  and  if  not  arrested,  will  soon  reach 
the  root,  causing  gum  to  exude  from  the 
wound.  The  following  are  some  of  the  rem- 
edies resorted  to  for  their  destruction.  1st. 
The  application  of  boiling  water  to  the  roots  : 
2d.  A  similar  application  of  unslacked  lime^ 
about  one  quart  to  a  tree  of  ordinary  size.  3d. 
Removing  the  surface  of  the  soil  and  substi- 
tuting tanner's  bark.  Removing  the  earth  in 
the  month  of  November  and  exposing  the 
roots  to  the  action  of  frost  during  the  Winter, 
as  has  been  sometimes  done,  we  should  not 
recommend,  as  it  would  often  prove  fatal  to 


3^  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

the  tree.  In  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  where 
this  fruit  is  raised  in  great  quantities,  they 
adopt  the  following  practice  to  destroy  this  in- 
sect. In  the  Spring,  when  the  blossoms  are 
out,  they  clear  away  the  soil,  so  as  to  expose 
the  root  of  the  tree,  to  the  depth  of  three 
inches ;  then  surround  it  with  straw  about 
three  feet  long,  applied  lengthwise,  so  that  it 
may  have  a  covering  one  inch  thick,  which 
extends  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole,  the  butt- 
ends  of  the  straw  resting  on  the  ground  at  the 
bottom;  binding  this  round  the  tree  with  three 
bands,  one  near  the  top,  one  at  the  middle,  and 
the  third  at  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  they  then 
fill  up  the  hole  at  the  root  with  earth,  and  press 
it  closely  round  the  straw.  By  this  process  it 
is  said  that  the  fly  is  prevented  from  depositing 
its  egg  within  three  feet  of  the  root ;  and  al- 
though it  may  place  the  egg  above  that  dis- 
tance, the  worm  travels  so  slow  that  it  cannot 
reach  the  ground  before  frost,  and  therefore  is 
killed  before  it  is  able  to  injure  the  tree.  For 
Budding,  &c.  see  the  article  under  that  head. 

PLUMS. 

The  plum  tree  flourishes   best  in  a  rich, 
sandy  loam,  neither  too  dry  nor  too    moist. 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  33 

A  cold,  wet,  clayey  soil,  or  a  dry  sandy  situ- 
ation is  not  considered  so  favorable.  They 
thrive  best  in  our  neighborhood  near  the  bor- 
ders of  the  sea,  which  we  think  is  owing  to 
their  being  in  such  situations  not  so  subject  to 
the  insect  called  Curculio,  which  perforates 
and  destroys  the  fruit;  these  insects  are  not 
so  abundant  here  as  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton ;   they  are  said  to  avoid  the  salt  air. 

Salem,  which  may  almost  be  called  a  pen- 
insula, being  nearly  surrounded  by  the  sea, 
has  been  for  many  years  known  to  produce 
annually  more  fruit  of  this  kind  than  any 
other  city  or  town  in  the  State.  Plum  trees 
are  also  liable  to  be  attacked  by  an  insect 
which  causes  large  black  bunches  or  warts  to 
be  formed  on  the  limbs,  but  as  there  are  sev- 
eral varieties  which  are  said  to  be  exempted 
from  this  disease,  we  hope  to  find  among  up- 
wards of  one  hundred  kinds  we  have  receiv- 
ed from  different  sources,  a  desirable  variety 
which  may  be  always  free  from  this  destruc- 
tive insect,  and  which  we  may  describe  here- 
after. 


34  BOOK    OF   FKUIT3. 

CHERRIES. 

Cherries,  like  stone  fruit  in  general,  are 
usually  produced  by  budding,  seldom  by  graft- 
ing ;  if  by  the  latter  process,  we  think  it  should 
be  done  early  in  the  Spring,  particularly  if  by 
split  grafting.  Grafting  under  the  bark  can 
be  done  later  and  with  more  certainty  of  tak- 
ing. Budding  in  July  or  August,  we  should 
decidedly  prefer.  With  regard  to  this  fruit, 
as  is  the  case  with  strawberries,  various  opin- 
ions exist  as  to  the  most  desirable  sorts  for 
culture.  The  black  Tartarian  and  the  Grid- 
ley  Bigarreau  or  apple  cherry,  are  highly 
prized  as  Black  Hearts.  The  white  Bigar- 
reau and  the  Napoleon  as  white  hearts,  are 
probably  as  productive,  and  desirable,  as  any 
we  have  as  yet  seen. 


CURRANT    AND    GOOSEBERRY. 

These  are  easily  raised  from  cuttings!,  pro- 
vided you  have  moist  soil,  by  putting  them 
into  the  ground  irpmediately  upon  the  falling 
of  the  leaf,  when  the  shoots  of  the  Summer 
are  well  ripened,  or  very  early  in  the  follow- 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  35 

ing  spring ;  the  part  inserted  into  the  ground 
should  be  cut  across  a  bud,  and  then  set  from 
three  to  five  inches  deep,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  soil  and  situation,  being  careful  to 
rub  off  all  the  buds  below  the  surface  ;  they 
should  not  be  suffered  to  push  near  the  ground, 
but  as  buds  appear  they  must  also  be  taken 
off,  training  them  as  dwarfs  or  half  standards. 
Both  currants  and  gooseberries  bear  their 
fruit  on  the  last  year's  shoots,  and  on  short 
natural  studs  or  spurs.  The  gooseberry  will 
continue  to  bear  on  the  same  buds  or  spurs 
ibr  many  years,  particularly  if  the  branches 
are  kept  open  and  free  for  the  admission  of 
the  sun  and  air.  To  have  large  and  fine  fruit 
from  the  currant  and  gooseberry,  they  should 
be  trained  to  resemble  a  well  formed  tree  in 
miniature  ;  the  ground  near  the  bushes  should 
be  well  manured,  particularly  the  last  named 
fruit.  The  gooseberry  requires  a  rich  loam, 
free  from  weeds.  Early  in  the  Spring,  spade 
carefully  around  the  roots,  turning  the  soil 
well  over ;  prune  them  by  cutting  out  every 
worn  out,  decayed  or  irregular  branch  ;  let 
none  be  permitted  to  grow  across  each  other ; 
cut  out  all  the  superabundant,  lateral  shoots 


36  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

of  the  last  summer,  on  the  old  wood  near  the 
ground,  only  retaining  here  and  there  one  in 
vacant  parts,  to  form  successional  bearers,  and 
to  supply  the  places  of  unfruitful  branches. 
Gosseberries  are  liable  to  mildew,  if  placed 
in  a  confined  situation  ;  thej  want  a  free, 
open  exposure. 

The  varieties  of  this  fruit  are  very  exten- 
sive, and  of  various  colors,  white,  green,  yel- 
low, red,  and  dark  purple.  Tiiey  differ  much 
in  quality  ;  some  of  the  largest  fruited  kinds 
having  a  thick  skin,  are  fit  only  for  cooking, 
while  others  are  fine  for  the  table.  In  select- 
ing from  the  catalogues,  we  should  send  for 
those,  ivithout  regard  to  names,  which  have 
been  tested  by  the  nursery-man,  and  proved 
to  be  the  best  flavored. 

GRAPE. 

The  ripening  of  foreign  grapes  in  the  open 
air,  in  the  climate  of  New  England,  is  very 
uncertain ;  and  the  necessity  of  covering  them 
in  Winter  will  undoubtedly  prevent  their  gen- 
eral culture.  The  editor  of  the  Magazine  of 
Horticulture,  Mr.  Hovey,  justly  says,  "that 
the  cultivation  of  foreign  grapes  in  the  open 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  37 

air,  must,  we  think,   except  in  cities,  be  gen- 
erally given  up.     For  three  or  four  years  past 
scarcely  a   crop   has  ripened."     Among  the 
varieties   of    native    grapes,  we    should  not 
recommend  the  Catawba,  although  consider- 
ed by  Mr.  Adlum,   "  to  be  worth  all  others  as 
a  wine  grape  ;"  still  its  lateness  is  a  great  ob- 
jection, it  never  having  ripened  with  us.     We 
should  decidedly  prefer  the  Isabella.     This 
fine  native  grape  was  introduced   into  New 
York  about  sixteen  years  since,  by  Mrs.  Isa- 
bella Gibbs,  from  South  Carolina,  and  was 
named  Isabella  by  William  Prince,  Esq.,  of 
Flushing,  L.  I.      The  vine    is  extraordina- 
ry  for  the  vigor  of    its    growth   and   great 
productiveness.       A   single    vine,    in    1820, 
produced  eight  bushels.     It  is  a  late   fruit, 
and  in   a  shady  situation   or  upon  an  open 
trellis  rarely  if  ever  ripens  its  berries.  It  should 
be  trained  to  a  wall,  fence,  or  out-building, 
where  it  can  receive  the  sun's  rays  nearly  the 
whole  day,  at  least  from  its  rising  till  three  in 
the  afternoon.     This  vine  wants  no  protec- 
tion in  Winter,  and  the  best  season  for  prun- 
ing, we  consider  early  in  April.     They  may 
be  increased  by  layers  or  cuttings. 

D 


5B  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

Although  grape  vines  are  generally  pruned 
in  the  Fall,  which  may  be  the  best  season  for 
the  foreign  grape,  we  still,  from  our  own  ex- 
perience with  the  Isabella,  decidedly  prefer  the 
Spring  for  this  variety.  Pruning  vines  in  the 
Spring  is  often  objected  to  from  fear  of  their 
bleeding.  This, however,  rarely  takes  place,pro- 
vided  it  is  performed  early  in  April,and  the  sec- 
tion which  is  laid  bare  be  presented  to  the  sun's 
rays,  which  will  almost  invariably  close  up 
the  sap  vessels ;  they  should,  therefore,  be  cut 
from  the  outside,  inward,  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion. 

RASPBERRIES. 

The  white  and  red  Antwerp  are  the  two  most 
desirable  sorts  for  cultivation ;  they  should 
never  be  grown  together  in  masses ;  as  the 
red,  being  more  inclined  to  wood,  will  event- 
ually choke  or  injure  the  growth  of  the  white. 
The  time  to  plant  young  sucker  shoots,  of  last 
summer,  is  early  in  Spring ;  choose  them 
strong,  about  three  or  four  feet  growth,  de- 
tached with  good  roots,  and  prune  the  weak 
top  part ;  plant  them  in  rows  four  feet  and  a 
half  or  five  feet  asunder  by  three  feet,  in  the 
rows  ;  prune  old  plantations,  cutting  out  the 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  39 

dead  steins,  or  the  last  Summer's  bearers, /or /Ae 
same  shoots  or  stems  never  bear  but  once,  be- 
ing succeeded  by  young  ones  produced  from 
the  root  every  summer,  which  become  barren 
next  year,  and  perish  the  following  Winter, 
and  should  now  be  cut  out  as  above,  close  to 
the  ground ;  and  then  thin  the  young  shoots 
to  three,  four,  or  five  of  the  strongest  on  each 
stock,  and  prune  them  at  the  top.  A  cultivator 
near  Boston  says — "  The  Raspberry  should 
always  be  cut  about  five  feet  high  ;  it  increas- 
es the  quantity  and  size  of  the  fruit,  as  well 
as  encourages  the  growth  of  the  suckers,  for 
the  following  year.  It  should,  however,  not 
be  done  until  all  chance  of  severe  frost  is  over; 
yet  before  the  buds  shoot,  the  stems  ought  af- 
terwards to  be  lightly  tied  together  at  the  top, 
or  to  stakes    placed  in  the   ground," 

STRAWBERRY. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  this  most  de- 
licious fruit,  and  many  opinions  relative  to  the 
best  flavored  and  most  prolific  sort.  At  Al- 
bany they  commend  the  Methven  Castle  as 
the  most  profitable  and  productive  ;  at  Rox- 
bury  the  royal  scarlet  and  pine  apple.     A  cul^ 


40  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

tivator  at  Dorchester  highly  approves  of  the 
early  Virginia  scarlet,  which  last  is  probably 
as  productive  as  any  for  general  culture.  The 
Down  ton  Red  Alpine,  (without  runners,)  and 
Keen's  Seedling,  are  also  desirable  varieties. 

Propagation. — With  the  exception  of  the 
bush  Alpine,  which  is  only  increased  by  di- 
visions of  the  root,  all  the  varieties  multiply 
spontaneously  every  season,  by  numerous  run- 
ners from  the  parent  plant,  which,  rooting  and 
forming  a  plant  at  every  joint,  only  require, 
for  the  production  of  fruit  in  abundance,  re- 
moval to  a  bed  where  they  may  have  room  to 
flourish.  Such  plants  will  bear  the  Summer 
succeeding  the  planting,  and  in  the  second 
year  will  be  in  full  perfection.  The  best  way 
is  to  supply  a  new  plantation,  with  plants 
which  have  been  taken  from  runners  and  set 
out  in  nursery  beds  the  previous  season.  But 
where  such  cannot  be  had,  those  of  the  pres- 
ent season  will  answer. 

Soil  and  situation, — Strawberries  will  grow 
and  produce  fruit  on  almost  any  soil  of  mode- 
rate fertility;  but  they  are  most  productive  on 
a  deep  rich  loam.  They  should  be  in  an  open 
situation,  exposed  to  th^  3un  and  air,  and  not 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  41 

under  trees.  The  Alpine  strawberries,  how- 
ever, admit  of  being  placed  in  a  more  shady 
situation,  as  it  is  during  the  hot  and  dry  sea- 
son of  the  year  that  they  are  intended  for 
bearing  ;  which  they  will  not  do  if  allowed  to 
suffer  from  drought ;  few  are  willing  to  take 
the  pains  to  water  them  as  much  as  they 
would  require. 

Transplanting, — The  best  time  for  doing 
this  is  in  the  Spring  ;  but  if  performed  with 
proper  care,  they  succeed  nearly  or  quite  as 
well  when  transplanted  early  in  Autumn,  say 
in  the  early  part  of  September.  The  ground 
should  be  well  manured  and  dug,  a  month  be- 
fore transplanting.  The  chief  care  required 
when  the  work  is  done  in  Autumn,  is  to  guard 
against  the  plants  being  thrown  out  by  frost, 
which  is  best  effected  by  treading  the  soil 
closely  about  the  roots. 

Culture. — The  distance  of  the  plants  asun- 
der, where  the  soil  is  rendered  sufficiently  fer- 
tile, should  be,  for  the  larger  varieties  (such  as 
Methven  and  Keen's  seedling,)  twenty  inches 
from  row  to  row  and  fifteen  inches  in  the  row  ; 
the  smaller  varieties  may  be  a  little  nearer  to- 
gether.    This  distance  may  seem  too  great, 


42  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

but  it  is  much  better  than  crowding  the  plants 
too  closely,  which  is  the  more  common  error. 
It  is  only  by  affording  sufficient  room  for  the 
plants  to  receive  the  benefit  of  sun,  air,  and 
of  culture,  that  the  fruit  will  ripen  early,  and 
acquire  a  good  size  and  agreeable  flavor.  Keen, 
of  Isleworth  in  England,  a  most  successful 
cultivator  of  this  fruit  and  who  raised  the  cel- 
ebrated Keen's  seedling,  says,  in  speaking  of 
the  large  distances  he  adopted  in  planting, — 
"  these  distances  I  find  necessary,  for  the 
trusses  of  fruit  in  my  garden  ground  are  fre- 
quently a  foot  lung.'^^  The  following  is  his 
method  of  culture,  in  his  own  words  :  "  After 
the  beds  are  planted,  I  always  keep  them  as 
clear  of  weeds  as  possible,  and  on  no  account 
allow  any  crop  to  be  planted  between  the 
rows.  Upon  the  growing  of  the  runners,  I 
have  them  cut  when  necessary ;  this  is  usually 
three  times  in  each  season.  In  Autumn  I  al- 
ways have  the  rows  dug  between  ;  for  I  find 
it  refreshes  the  plants  materially ;  and  I  re- 
commend to  those  persons  to  whom  it  may  be 
convenient,  to  scatter  in  the  Spring,  very  light- 
ly, some  loose  straw  or  long  dung  between 
the  rows.    It  serves  to  keep  the  ground  moist, 


BOOK   OF  FRUITS.  43 

enriches  the  strawberry,  and  forms  a  clean 
bed  for  the  trusses  of  fruit  to  lie  on  ;  and  thus 
bj  a  little  extra  trouble  and  cost,  a  more  abun- 
dant crop  may  be  obtained.  A  short  time  be- 
fore the  fruit  ripens,  I  always  cut  off  the  run- 
ners, to  strengthen  the  root ;  and  after  the 
fruit  is  gathered,  I  have  what  fresh  runners 
have  been  made,taken  off  with  a  reaping-hook, 
together  with  the  outside  leaves  around  the 
main  plant,  after  which  I  rake  the  beds,  then 
hoe  them,  and  rake  them  again.  In  the  Au- 
tumn, unless  the  plants  appear  very  strong,  I 
have  some  dung  dug  in,  between  the  rows,  but 
if  they  are  very  luxuriant  the  dung  is  not  re- 
quired ;  for  in  some  rich  soils  it  would  cause 
the  plants  to  turn  nearly  all  to  leaf  I  also 
have  to  remark,  that  the  dung  used  for  manure 
should  not  be  too  far  spent ;  fresh  dung  from 
the  stable  door,  is  prefererable  to  spit-dung, 
which  many  persons  are  so  fond  of" 

In  thus  recommending  a  thorough  method 
of  culture,  we  would  by  no  means  wish  to 
discourage  those  who  have  not  yet  attempted 
raising  this  excellent  fruit,  and  who  tliink  they 
cannot  afford  to  adopt  such  culture,  from  at- 
tempting it  altogether ;  indeed  if  proper  va- 


44  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

rieties  are  obtained,  good  crops  may  be  had 
with  little  or  no  care  after  transplanting  ;  we 
have  known  beds  almost  untouched  for  years 
to  yield  plentifully.  Nevertheless,  we  consid- 
er the  cheapest  method,  ultimately,  of  raising 
this  fruit,  is  by  thorough  culture  ;  that  the 
greatest  amount  of  fruit  is  obtained  in  this 
way  for  the  care  and  labor  expended,  and  that 
the  quality  is  so  much  superior  to  that  obtain- 
ed from  slight  culture,  as  to  give  the  former 
practice  very  decided  advantages.  When  the 
beds  have  much  diminished  in  their  product, 
new  plantations  must  be  made  to  supply  their 
place.  This  generally  takes  place  in  four  or 
five  years. 

A  grower  of  this  fruit  in  New  York  subjoins 
his  method  of  cultivating,  thus — "  In  the  Fall, 
cover  the  beds  slightly  with  straw,  and  burn 
all  down  ;  then  dig  in  between  the  hills  with 
a  trowel  or  deep  hoe,  rake  smooth,  and  re- 
place with  a  fresh  dressing  two  inches  thick, 
for  winter  protection,  &:c.  The  hills  ought  to 
be  no  more  than  twelve  inches  apart,  and  two 
or  three  stems  in  a  hill.  While  the  fruit  is 
setting,  water  morning  and  evening,  with  a 
table  spoonful  of  salt  to  each  pail  of  rain  or 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  45 

river  water ;  if  well  water,  it  should  be  ex- 
posed to  the  sun  some  time.  A  bed  planted 
from  any  good  variety  in  full  hearings  will, 
thus  treated,  always  insure  a  good  crop.  Ear- 
ly in  September  is  the  best  time  to  plant, 
choosing  the  first  made  runner  plants,  or  some 
offsets  for  immediate  bearing.  The  runners 
will  come  in,  the  second  and  third  season." 


No.  1.     Early  Harvest. 

This  is  the  earliest  apple  worthy  of  culti- 
vation :  the  form  is  flat,  of  medium  size  ;  the 
skin  w^hen  perfectly  ripe,  is  of  a  beautifully 
bright  straw  color;  the  flesh  tender  and  spright- 
ly  ;  if  gathered  before  they  are  fully  ripe,  it  has 
too  much  acidity.  The  finest  fruits  are  those 
which  drop  ripe  from  the  tree ;  the  branches 
make  very  acute  angles,  by  which  it  is  readily 
distinguished  from  most  other  trees  in  the 
orchard  ;  it  bears  young — ripe  in  July  aii(l 
August. 


46  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

No.  2.  Early  Bough. 
This  is  a  large  handsome  apple,  the  form 
sometimes  oblong,  the  skin  a  pale  yellow,  of- 
ten with  a  bright  red  tinge,  the  flesh  sweet 
and  tender ;  it  is  a  good  bearer,  and  deserves 
extensive  cultivation.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  3.  American  Red  Juneaiing. 
This  apple  is  of  medium  size,  oblong  ;  the 
skin  is  a  beautiful  red,  slightly  streaked  and 
mixed  with  yellow  ;  the  flesh  is  rich,  spright- 
ly and  good  ;  the  tree  is  of  upright  growth  ; 
it  bears  well  and  ripens  in  August.  Although 
it  bears  the  name  of  American  Red  Juneating, 
we  have  strong  doubts  of  its  having  origina- 
ted in  this  country ;  we  think  it  may  be  the 
striped  Juneating  of  Ronald. 

No.  4.     Summer  Queen, 

A  large  oblong  apple,  striped  with  red  on  a 
yellow  ground  ;  the  flesh  is  yellow,  very  high 
flavored,  and  excellent.  The  tree  is  of  vigor- 
ous growth,  a  great  bearer.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  6.     Early  Red  Margaret. 
A   middle  sized   apple  ;    the   shape  round, 
somewhat  flat ;   the   skin  a  greenish  yellow. 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  47 

Striped  with  dark  red ;  the  flesh  white,  juicy, 
and  agreeable  ;  it  bears  early  and  abundantly. 
Ripe  the  middle  of  August. 

No.  6.     Summer  Rose. 

A  very  beautiful  and  excellent  fruit ;  the 
size  is  moderate  ;  the  form  round  ;  the  skin 
yellow,  striped,  and  mottled  with  red  ;  the 
flesh  is  sweet,  juicy,  and  fine.  Ripe  in  Au- 
gust.    A  great  bearer. 

No.  7.     Summer  Pearmain. 

This  apple  is  of  medium  size,  the  form  ob- 
long and  very  regular ;  the  skin  a  dark  red, 
striped  with  a  small  proportion  of  yellow  t,  the 
flesh  very  tender  and  good,  juice  not  abun- 
dant. It  is  one  of  our  finest  Summer  apples  ; 
bears  abundantly  ;  and  ripens  in  August  and 
September. 

No.  8.     Rambour  (Pete. 

This  apple  is  of  large  size  and  flat  form  ; 
the  skin  light  red,  striped  with  yellow  ;  the 
flesh  is  firm,  rich  and  sprightly ;  the  trees  as- 
sume a  spreading  form  of  vigorous  growth  and 
great  productiveness.     Ripe  in  September. 


48  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

No.  9.  Fall  Harvey. 
This  is  a  large  and  handsome  fruit,  the 
shape  flat  with  broad  ribs  extending  from  the 
stem  to  the  eye ;  the  skin  sometimes  a  clear 
bright  yellow,  but  mostly  a  light  yellow,  occa- 
sionally with  a  bright  red  cheek  ;  the  flesh 
yellow,  firm,  rich  and  high  flavored ;  it  is 
much  cultivated  in  Essex  county,  Mass.,  where 
it  may  have  originated.  It  is  without  ques- 
tion the  finest  Fall  and  early  Winter  apple.  A 
good  bearer,  and  deserving  extensive  cultiva- 
tion. 

No.  10.  Drap  d^or. 
A  large  flat  apple,  of  a  bright,  but  pale  yel- 
low color,  covered  all  over  wdth  small  black 
pips,  (never  with  a  red  cheek;)  the  flesh  is  ten- 
der, very  light  and  pleasant ;  the  growth  of 
the  tree  is  large  and  spreading  ;  it  bears  well 
and  should  be  found  in  every  good  collection. 
Ripe  in  September  and  October.  This  is  the 
Drap  d'or  of  Cox  and  Ronald,  but  not  of  Du- 
hamel. 

No.  11.     Haivthorndean, 

This   fruit   is   of  medium  size ;  of  a   flat 
and  very  regular  form,  and  remarkably  hand- 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  49 

some  ;  skin  of  a  pale  yellow,  nearly  white, 
with  a  brilliant  red  on  the  side  exposed  to  the 
sun  ;  the  flesh  white,  very  juicy,  but  not  high 
flavored.  It  bears  very  young  and  most  abun- 
dantly every  year  ;  it  is  one  of  the  best  mar- 
ket fruits  in  the  fall  'and  early  winter  months. 

No.  12.     Williams^  Favourite  Red, 

This  apple  originated  in  Roxbury,  Mass.  : 
it  is  of  medium  size,  oblong  form  ;  the  skin  a 
bright  and  deep  red  ;  the  flavour  pleasant  and 
agreeable.  It  is  a  good  bearer  and  a  most 
beautiful  fruit — ripening  in  August. 

No.  13.     Benoni. 

This  fine  and  beautiful  apple  was  introduc- 
ed to  notice  by  E.  M.  Richards,  Esq.  of  Ded- 
ham.  It  is  of  medium  size,  form  round  and 
regular ;  the  flesh  yellow,  high  flavoured  and 
excellent ; — it  bears  well ;  ripens  in  July  and 
August ;  and  should  be  found  in  every  good 
collection. 

No.  14.     Red  Doctor  Apple. 

A  large  and  handsome  fruit,  of  a  flat  form  ; 
striped   and  clouded  with  red  on  a  yellow 

£ 


50  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

ground ;  the  flesh  is  tender,  breaking  and 
high  flavoured.  It  bears  well,  and  ripens  from 
October  to  December. 

No.  15.     B  oxford. 

This  apple  was  first  cultivated  in  Boxford, 
Essex  County,  where  it  may  have  originated. 
The  size  is  middling,  form  round,  skin  striped 
with  red  and  yellow ;  the  flesh  yellow,  rich 
and  good.  Ripens  in  the  fall  months,  and  is 
thought  to  be  a  fine  apple. 

No.  16.     Red  Astracan. 

This  beautiful  apple  is  of  medium  size,  of  a 
round  and  rather  flat  form ;  the  skin  is  dark 
red  covered  with  a  thick  bloom  like  a  plum  ; 
the  flesh  is  white,  tender  and  good,  some- 
what acid ;  it  keeps  but  a  short  time  after 
being  gathered,  but  the  beauty  of  the  fruit 
and  its  early  and  great  bearing  render  it  de- 
sirable in  every  collection,  especially  if  intend- 
ed for  the  market.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  17.     Oslin. 

This  apple  is  of  medium  size,  the  form  flat 
and  regular,   the  skin  a  bright  yellow  with 


BOOK   OF   FRUITS.  51 

some  dark  clouded  spots  ;  the  flesh  firm,  of  a 
brisk  and  high  flavour.  It  bears  young  and 
most  abundantly,  and  ripens  in  September. 

No.  18.  KilhamHilL 
Originated  on  the  farm  of  Doctor  Kilham, 
in  Wenham,  Essex  county,  Mass. ;  the  size  is 
sometimes  large,  the  form  round,  a  little  oblong ; 
the  skin  yellow,  striped  with  red  ;  the  flesh  is 
yellow  and  high  flavored,  but  soon  becomes 
dry  ;  it  bears  young  and  constantly,  and  ripens 
from  September  to  November.  The  tree  is 
of  a  spreading  but  not  regular  form,  and  may 
be  known  by  small  warts  or  protuberances  on 
the  bark. 

No.  19.  Ly  scorn. 
This  apple  originated  in  Southborough, 
Mass. ;  it  is  of  medium  size,  rather  oblong, 
and  very  regular ;  the  skin  dull  red  with 
greenish  yellow.  The  flesh  is  not  high  fla- 
vored, but  of  a  peculiarly  mild  and  agreeable 
taste.  It  bears  well ;  ripens  in  October,  and 
will  sometimes  keep  till  January. 

No.  20.     Porter. 
Originated  on  the  farm  of  the  Rev.  Samuel 


52  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

Porter,  in  Sherburne,  Mass.  The  fruit  is 
sometimes  large,  the  shape  oblong,  pointed  at 
the  blossom  end  ;  the  skin  of  a  bright  yellow ; 
often  with  a  blush  of  red  on  the  sunny  side  ; 
the  flesh  fine,  sprightly  and  agreeable.  It 
bears  well,  ripens  in  September  and  October, 
and  is  a  most  beautiful  fruit,  either  for  the 
market  or  private  garden. 

No.  21.  Duchess  of  Oldenburg, 
A  valuable  and  handsome  apple,  said  to  be 
of  Russian  origin.  The  size  is  middling,  form 
round  and  rather  flat ;  skin  of  a  beautiful  yel- 
low, striped  with  red ;  flavour  very  pleasant 
and  good.  It  bears  well,  and  ripens  in  Sep- 
tember and  October. 

No.  22.     Yellow  Ingestrie. 

A  beautiful  apple,  raised  by  Mr.  Knight, 
President  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
The  size  is  small,  form  round  and  regular; 
the  skin  of  a  golden  yellow,  with  some  black 
spots ;  the  flesh  yellow,  firm  and  delicate.  It 
is  an  abundant  bearer,  and  ripens  in  October. 

No.  23.     Red  Ingestrie, 
This  apple  is  of  medium  size,  of  a  round 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  53 

form  ;  the  skin  bright  yellow,  tinged  and  strip- 
ed with  red  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun ; 
the  flesh  very  rich,  high  flavoured  and  juicy. 
It  bears  well  and  ripens  in  October. 

No.  24.     Franklin  Golden  Pippen, 

This  apple  is  supposed  to  be  of  American 
origin  ;  it  is  of  middle  size,  the  form  oval  and 
very  regular;  the  skin  of  rather  a  dark  yellow, 
without  a  blush,  but  sprinkled  with  dark  col- 
ored specks ;  the  flesh  yellow,  tender  and 
very  agreeable  to  the  taste.  The  tree  grows 
well,  is  of  an  upright  form,  and  the  fruit  is 
!:ipe  in  October  and  November. 

No.  25.     Kerry  Pippin. 

Fruit  of  medium  size  ;  the  form  oblong,  flat- 
tened at  the  eye  and  stalk ;  the  skin  a  bright 
yellow,  striped  and  marbled  with  red ;  the 
flesh  tender  and  high  flavored.  This  is  a 
most  beautiful  variety  ;  it  bears  well;  and  rip- 
ens in  September  and  October. 

No.  26.     Gravenstein, 

Fruit  large  ;  the  form  for  the  most  part  ob- 
long, sometimes  flat ;  the  skin  of  a  light  y.eU 


54  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

low,  Striped  and  beautifully  mottled  with  red ; 
flesh  very  fine,  with  a  brisk  high  flavoured  juice. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  apples,  ripen- 
ing in  October,  and  keeping  good  several 
months.  The  tree  is  of  a  strong  and  healthy 
growth  and  upright  form. 

No.  27.     Ribstone  Pippin, 

Fruit  sometimes  large,  of  a  flat  form  ;  the 
skin  is  a  mixture  of  russet  and  yellow,  with 
dull  red  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun ;  the 
flesh  very  yellow  and  firm,  with  a  sharp,  rich 
flavour ;  the  tree  is  of  a  spreading  but  not  very 
regular  form  ;  it  bears  well,  and  ripens  in  the 
fall  and  early  winter  months. 

No.  28.  Golden  Russet. 
The  origin  of  this  apple  is  unknown  ;  it  ap- 
pears to  have  been  first  cultivated  in  Essex 
County,  Mass. ;  the  fruit  is  of  medium  size, 
round,  rather  oblong,  and  of  a  regular  form  ; 
the  skin  is  a  smooth  yellow  russet ;  flesh  re- 
markably tender,  spicy  and  high  flavoured. 
The  tree  is  very  upright  and  handsome  in  its 
growth ;  bears  abundantly ;  and  is  a  valuable 
fruit,  ripening  in  October,  November  and 
De  cember. 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  66 

No.  29.     Blue  Pearmain. 

This  fruit  is  large,  the  form  round,  the  skin 
red,  striped  and  mottled  with  darker  red,  and 
covered  with  a  bloom  like  a  plum ;  the  flesh 
mild  and  agreeable.  This  is  a  most  excellent 
variety.  Ripe  in  October,  and  keeping  till 
February. 

No.  30.     Red  Quarenden. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  of  a  flat  form  ;  skin  a 
very  dark  red  ;  flesh  white,  juicy  and  of  a 
pleasant  flavour.  Ripe  in  October  and  No-^ 
vember. 

No.  31.     Wine  Apple, 

Fruit  large,  round,  sometimes  oblong  ;  the 
skin  a  bright  red,  striped  with  a  little  yellow, 
with  russet  round  the  stock ;  the  flesh  rich 
and  pleasant ;  the  form  of  the  tree  is  spread- 
ing ;  it  bears  young  and  abundantly,  and  rip- 
ens in  the  autumn  and  early  winter  months. 

No.  32.     Fameuse, 
Fruit  middle  size  ;  of  a  flat  form,  skin  light, 
yellow  and  green,  mixt  with  pale  red  and  dark 
red  blotches  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun  ; 


56  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

flesh  remarkably  white,  tender,  juicy  and  good. 
This  is  a  very  handsome  apple.  The  tree  bears 
well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  from  October  to  De- 
cember. 

No.  33.     Menagere, 

This  apple  is  said  to  be  of  German  origin  ; 
it  is  the  largest  apple  we  have  seen  ;  the  form 
flat  in  shape  like  a  large  English  turnip ;  the 
skin  of  a  light  yellow  ;  the  flesh  pleasant,  but 
more  adapted  to  the  kitchen  than  the  dessert. 
It  bears  well  trained  as  a  dwarf,  and  ripens 
from  October  to  February. 

No.  34.     Rhode  hland  Greening, 

This  is  a  well  known  and  favourite  apple  ; 
the  size  is  large,  the  shape  round,  flat  at  the 
end  ;  the  color,  when  ripe,  a  greenish  yellow  ;^ , 
the  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy  and  rich.  The 
growth  of  the  tree  is  vigorous  and  spreading. 
It  bears  well,  and  ripens  from  November  to 
February. 

No.  S6,     Loveit  Sweet 

This  apple  originated  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 
Lovett,  of  Beverly,  Essex  County,  Mass. ;  it 


BOOK    OF  FRUITS.  67 

is  of  medium  size,  the  form  round ;  the  skin, 

when   ripe,   a  light  yellow ;    the    flesh  rich, 

sweet  and  good.     It  is  highly   prized  as  a 
winter  fruit. 

No.  36,     Murphy. 

This  apple  in  appearance  resembles  the 
Blue  Pearmain  ;  the  shape  is  more  obfong,  the 
size  not  so  large  ;  the  skin  light  red,  streaked 
and  mottled  with  blotches  of  darker  red  ;  the 
flesh  white,  tender  and  good.  It  is  in  use 
from  November  to  February.  Raised  from  seed 
by  Mr  David  Murphy,  of  Salem,  Mass. 

No.  37.     Oriley  Fippen, 

The  size  sometimes  large ;  the  form, 
oblong ;  the  skin,  when  ripe,  a  bright  yellow, 
with  a  little  red  on  the  side  next  the  sun ; 
the  flesh  yellow,  breaking  and  high  flavoured, 
in  this  respect,  approaching  to  the  taste  of  the 
Newton  pippen  more  than  any  other  apple. 
The  tree  assumes  a  handsome,  spreading 
form,  bears  well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  from 
December  to  March. 


58  BOOK   OF    FRUITS, 

No.  38.  Newtown  Spitzenburg. 
The)  size  is  large ;  the  form  round  and 
regular ;  the  skin  a  dark  red,  striped,  streaked 
with  shades  of  dull  red ;  the  flesh  yellow,  rich 
and  high  flavoured.  A  most  beautiful  and 
valuable  apple ;  in  perfection  from  October 
till  February. 

No.  39.  White  Winter  Calville. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  French 
dessert  apples ;  the  size  is  large,  the  form 
flat,  with  ribs  extending  from  the  stem  to  the 
eye  ;  the  skin,  when  ripe,  of  a  bright  yellow, 
sometimes  with  a  blush  of  pale  red  ;  the  flesh 
white,  tender  and  pleasant,  without  being 
high  flavored.  It  is  an  abundant  bearer,  and 
the  fruit  ripens  from  November  to  March. 

No.  40.  Pe7i  nocks. 
This  is  a  large  apple  ;  the  form  round,  rather 
oblong ;  the  skin  a  dull  red,  slightly  streaked 
with  yellow  ;  the  flesh  yellow,  sweet  and  ten- 
der ;  good  for  the  table  and  excellent  for  bak- 
ing. The  tree  grows  to  a  large  size,  and 
forms  an  open  spreading  head.  It  bears  well 
every  year,  and  is  in  use  during  the  winter 
months. 


BOOK   OF   FRUITS.  59 

No.  41.    Baldioin, 

This  fine  apple,  so  well  known  in  New 
England,  hardlj  needs  a  description.  It  is  of 
medium  size  ;  the  form  round,  the  skin  mostly 
of  a  brilliant  red,  with  some  indistinct  yellow 
streaks ;  in  some-  situations  a  large  proportion 
of  yellow  ;  the  flesh  is  very  fine,  crisp,  juicy 
and  rich ;  it  bears  abundantly  every  other 
year ;  keeps  well  through  the  winter,  and 
although  so  common,  it  will  bear  comparison 
with  the  finest  of  the  new  varieties. 

No.  42.     Lady  Apple. 

The  size  is  small,  the  form  flat,  the  skin  at 
maturity  is  a  bright  yellow,  with  a  brilliant 
red  cheek,  and  very  smooth  ;  the  flesh  white, 
breaking,  mild  and  agreeable,  but  not  high 
flavoured.  The  beautiful  appearance  of  this 
little  apple  renders  it  worthy  of  cultivation. 
The  tree  is  of  more  upright  growth  than  any 
other  apple  tree  in  the  orchard  ;  it  grows  to  a 
large  size  before  it  produces  fruit;  it  then 
bears  well,  and  is  in  use  from  January  till 
March. 


60  BOOK   OF   FRUITS. 

No.  43.  Bell/lower, 
This  is  a  large  and  beautiful  apple  ;  the 
form  is  very  oblong,  tapering  to  the  eye  ;  the 
skin  a  bright  yellow,  sometimes  without  any 
red,  but  for  the  most  part  the  side  exposed  to 
the  sun  has  a  bright  red  cheek ;  the  flesh  is 
rich,  tender  and  sprightly  ;  before  perfectly 
ripe  it  has  too  much  acidity.  It  bears  well, 
though  not  abundantly,  every  year,  and  ripens 
in  October,  and  keeps  till  February  ;  it  is  a 
valuable  market  fruit.  The  growth  of  the 
tree  is  large  and  spreading,  and  if  not  trained 
high,  the  branches  will  reach  the  ground  when 
loaded  with  fruit. 

No.  44.     Swaar, 

This  is  a  large  apple,  the  form  round, 
somewhat  flat ;  the  skin  is  very  smooth, 
of  a  light  yellowish  green,  without  any  red  ; 
the  flesh  is  juicy  and  well  flavoured,  but  not 
rich.  The  tree  is  of  spreading  and  vigourous 
growth  ;  bears  great  crops.  The  fruit  ripens 
from  December  to  March. 

No.  45,     Danvers  Winter  Stveet, 
This  apple  is  of  medium  size,  the  form  a 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  61 

little  oblong,  tapering  to  the  eye  ;  the  skin 
smooth,  of  a  light  jellow,  sometimes  with  a 
tinge  of  red ;  the  tiesh  firm,  juicy  and  sweet. 
The  tree  is  a  great  bearer,  of  rapid  growth, 
and  is  worthy  of  extensive  cultivation.  It  is 
in  use  during  the  whole  winter. 

No.  46.     Pickman  Pippen. 

This  apple  is  sometimes  large,  the  form 
round,  the  skin  a  light  yellow,  spotted  with 
black  points  ;  the  flesh  hard,  juicy  and  good 
for  the  table,  and  excellent  for  the  kitchen, 
having,  when  cooked,  a  most  agreeable  acid. 
The  tree  is  of  an  upright  growth,  bears  abun- 
dant crops,  and  the  fruit  ripens  from  Decem- 
ber to  March. 

No.  47.     Mela  Carla. 

This  apple  is  of  medium  size  and  round 
form,  the  skin  is  of  a  light  yellow,  with  a 
bright  red  cheek  next  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  white, 
tender  and  good,  but  not  rich.  It  is  a  good 
bearer,  and  ripens  from  October  to  March.  In 
our  climate  this  apple  is  not  so  good  as  in  its 
native  country^  (Italy.)  It  is,  notwithstand- 
ing, worthy  of  cultivation. 

F 


62  BOOK    OF   FRUITS, 

No.  48.     Roxbury  Russet, 

This  apple  is  well  known,  and  extensively 
cultivated  in  New  England  ;  it  is  of  medium 
size,  round,  and  flat  at  the  ends ;  the  skin  of 
a  fine  yellow  russet,  often  mixed  with  dull  red  ; 
the  flesh  white,  rich  and  juicy,  with  a  very 
pleasant  acid.  It  bears  well,  and  can  be 
brought  to  market  later  in  the  spring  than  any 
other  good  table  apple. 

No.  49.     Huhbardston  Nonsuch, 

This  apple  is  large,  the  form  round,  some- 
what oblong ;  the  skin  is  red  mixed  with  a 
small  portion  of  yellow,  streaked  and  blotched 
with  dark  red ;  the  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  and 
of  excellent  flavour.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous 
growth,  a  great  bearer,  and  worthy  of  exten- 
sive cultivation.  In  use  from  January  to 
March. 

No.  50.     Minister, 

This  fine  apple  originated  in  Rowley,  Mass. 
The  size  is  large,  the  form  oblong  like  the 
Bellflower,  tapering  to  ahe  eye,  with  broad 
ridges  the  whole  length  Iff  the  fruit ;  the  skin 
a  light  greenish  yellow,  striped  with  bright 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  63 

red,  but  the  red  seldom  extends  to  the  eye  ; 
flesh  yellow,  light,  high  flavoured  and  excel- 
\en{.  This  is  one  of  the  very  finest  apples 
w^hich  New  England  has  produced.  It  ripens 
from  November  to  February,  and  deserves  a 
place  in  every  collection  of  fruits,  however 
small.  This  apple  received  its  present  name 
from  the  circumstance  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Spring,  of  Newburyport,  having  purchased  the 
first  fruit  brought  to  market. 

No.  51.     Green  Sweet. 

This  apple  is  of  small  size,  round,  and 
rather  flat ;  the  skin  at  maturity  is  a  dull" 
green,  approaching  to  yellow ;  the  flesh  very 
sweet  and  good.  It  is  in  use  during  the  win- 
ter months,  and  can  be  brought  to  market  la- 
ter in  the  spring  than  any  other  sweet  apple. 
Much  cultivated  in  the  north  part  of  Essex 
county,  Mass. 


64  BOOK    OF   FRUITS, 

PEAAS. 

No.  1.     Amire  Joannet, 

This  fruit  is  small,  form  oblong ;  the  skin, 
when  ripe,  is  light  yellow,  with  a  small  portion 
of  red  ;  the  flesh  white,  and  when  not  overripe, 
juicy  and  good.  It  ripens  in  July,  about  ten 
days  before  the  Petit  Muscat,  to  which  it  is 
superior  in  size  and  flavor.  The  head  of  the 
tree  is  open,  with  a  few  long  and  hanging 
branches. 

No.  2.     Petit  Muscat. 

This  pear  ripens  immediately  after  the  a- 
bove ;  the  size  is  small ;  the  form  round,  a 
little  oblong ;  the  skin  mostly  of  a  clear  yel- 
low, with  a  little  dull  red  ;  the  flesh  pleasant 
and  musky,  without  being  high  flavoured. 
The  tree  grows  to  a  large  size,  with  long  and 
hanging  limbs,  producing  its  fruit  in  clusters 
and  most  abundantly. 

No.  3.     Madeleine, 

This  is  the  first  good  pear,  which  ripens;  imme- 
diately following  the  Petit  Muscat ;  the  size  is 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  65 

rather  small ;  in  rich  land  they  grow  large  ; 
the  skin,  when  ripe,  is  light  green  approach- 
ing to  a  yellow,  sometimes  a  tinge  of  dull  red 
on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun;  the  flesh 
white,  juicy  and  pleasant  with  a  most  agreea- 
ble acid.  Ripe  the  end  of  July  and  first  part 
of  August ;  it  bears  well  every  year,  and  from 
its  open  head  requires  but  little  pruning. 

No.  4.     Bloodgood. 

This  pear  was  first  brought  into  notice  by 
the  late  James  Bloodgood,  of  Flushing,  Long 
Island  ;  the  size  is  large,  the  form  nearly  oval, 
the  skin  a  dull  yellow,  covered  with  dark  rus- 
set spots  ;  the  flesh  tender,  melting  and  pleas- 
ant. It  comes  very  early  into  bearing,  and 
produces  abundant  crops  every  year.  Ripe  in 
August. 

No.  5.     Rousselette  Hatif. 

This  is  a  small  pear,  with  a  long  curved 
neck  ;  the  stem  is  long  and  fleshy,  in  most 
cases  appearing  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  fruit; 
the  skin  yellow  with  brownish  russet  on  the 
side  next  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  very  fine,  rich 
and  high  flavoured  when  eaten  ripe  from  the 


66  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

tree  ;  the  branches  are  long,  the  head  of  the 
tree  very  open,  and  the  produce  most  extraor- 
dinary,    It  ripens  about  the  middle  of  August. 

No.  6.  Skinless, 
This  pear  is  of  small  size,  of  a  long  shape, 
round  at  the  blossom  end,  tapering  to  an  ob- 
tuse point  at  the  stem ;  the  skin  is  smooth  and 
very  thin  ;  the  color  when  ripe  is  a  light  yel- 
low, with  a  slight  tinge  of  red  ;  the  flesh  juicy, 
crisp,  sweet  and  very  good.  The  tree  produ- 
ces well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  August. 

No.  7.  Summer  Rose, 
A  pear  of  medium  size  ;  the  form  flat,  re- 
sembling an  apple,  with  a  long  stem  inserted 
in  a  roundish  hollow ;  the  skin  is  dull  yellow, 
spotted  with  russet,  and  mixed  with  a  large 
proportion  of  brownish  red  ;  the  flesh,  white, 
juicy  and  sweet,  with  a  high  and  very  pecu- 
liar flavor.  The  appearance  of  the  tree  is  that 
of  a  large  spreading  apple  tree  ;  it  grows  to  a 
large  size  before  producing  fruit ;  it  is  then 
very  productive.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  8.     Summer  FrankreaL 
This  very  fine  pear  is  of  medium  size,  the 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  67 

shape  oblong,  thickest  about  one  third  from 
the  eye,  sometimes  flat  like  a  Bergamot. 
The  skin  when  fully  ripe  a  light  yellow  ;  flesh 
melting,  rich  and  excellent.  It  is  a  great  and 
early  bearer,  ripening  in  September. 

No.  9,     Williams^  Bon  Chretien, 

[See  plate  No.  1.] 

This  fruit  is  very  large  ;  the  shape  long, 
round  and  full,  both  at  the  eye  and  stem, 
which  is  short  and  large  ;  the  skin  when  fully 
ripe  yellow,  with  faint  red  next  the  sun  ;  flesh 
white,  melting  and  good.  The  character 
of  this  pear  is  very  high  ;  the  tree  is  of  a 
strong  and  vigorous  growth,  bears  very  young, 
and  yields  most  extraordinary  crops  every  year. 
Ripe  in  August  and  September. 

No.  10.  Julienne, 
This  pear  resembles  the  St.  Michael's,  but 
is  much  smaller,  except  on  very  rich  land  ; 
the  size  is  generally  small ;  the  skin  light  yel- 
low, sometimes  with  bright  red  next  the  sun ; 
the  flesh  rich,  juicy  and  melting.  The  tree 
comes  early  into  bearing,  produces  abundantly, 
and  is  in  use  from  the  middle  of  August  to  the 
middle  of  September ;   ripening  gradually  in 


68  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

the  house,  which  renders  it  very  desirable  lor 
a  market  fruit. 

No.  11.     Dearhornh  Seedling. 

This  fine  and  beautiful  pear  originated  at 
Brinley  Place,  Roxbury,  the  seat  of  the  Hon. 
H.  A.  S.  Dearborn.  The  fruit  is  of  medium 
size,  round  at  the  crown,  diminishing  to  the 
stem,  around  which  is  a  circle  of  bright  rus- 
set ;  the  skin  is  smooth,  of  a  light  yellow  col- 
our ;  the  flesh  delicate,  melting  and  fine  fla- 
voured, equal  to  any  other  pear  of  the  same 
season.  The  growth  of  the  tree  is  healthy 
and  vigorous.  It  bears  well,  and  the  fruit 
ripens  in  August. 

No.  12.     Crawford, 

This  pear  is  very  extensively  cultivated  in 
Scotland  ;  it  is  of  middle  size,  round  at  the 
eye,  diminishing  to  the  stem,  and  very  regular 
and  uniform  in  its  appearance  ;  the  skin  is  en- 
tirely of  a  light  yellow  ;  the  flesh  juicy,  tender 
and  good.  It  bears  young,  and  ripens  in  Au- 
gust. 

No.  13.     Honey, 

This  tree  was  procured  from  Messrs.  Wm. 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  69 

Prince  &  Sons,  of  Flashing ;  but  as  there  are 
two  pears  bearing  this  name,  one  European, 
the  other  American,  it  is  uncertain  to  which 
the  specimen  belonged  ;  in  size  and  shape  it 
resembles  the  Seckle  ;  the  skin  is  yellow,  with 
a  large  portion  of  dull  red  ;  the  flesh  sweet, 
juicy  and  good.  The  tree  bears  young,  and 
when  more  advanced  promises  to  be  a  great 
bearer.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  14.     Citron  de  Sirentz, 

This  tree  was  procured  from  Messrs.  Bau- 
mans,  of  BoUwiller ;  in  size,  shape,  colour, 
taste  and  time  of  ripening,  it  resembles  the 
Crawford. 

No.  15.     Rousseleiie  de  Rheims. 

This  pear  is  of  medium  size,  the  form  is 
oval,  blunt  at  the  stem  ;  the  skin  yellow,  with 
much  dull  red  on  the  side  next  the  sun  ;  the 
flesh  is  breaking  and  fine,  with  a  very  high  musk 
flavour ;  it  is  best  when  eaten  ripe  from  the 
tree.  The  tree  attains  a  large  size  before 
bearing  ;  but  when  more  advanced  produces 
an  abundant  crop.     Ripe  in  September. 


70  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

No.  16.  Summer  Thorn. 
This  pear  is  oblong,  of  medium  size,  the 
skin'smooth,  and  when  ripe  of  a  light  green  ; 
the  flesh  melting,  juicy  and  of  a  very  peculiarly 
pleasant  flavour.  It  bears  well,  and  ripens  in 
September. 

No.   17.     Williams'  Eccrly, 

This  new  pear  originated  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Williams,  in  Roxbury,  Mass.  It  is  of 
middle  size,  turbinate  form,  the  skin  light  yel- 
low with  a  red  cheek  next  the  sun  ;  the  flesh 
melting,  sugary  and  fine.  The  tree  promises 
to  be  a  great  bearer.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  18.  Valee  Franche, 
This  pear  in  good  ground  is  sometimes 
large,  the  form  almost  flat,  a  liitle  extended  ; 
the  skin  dull,  greenish  yellow  and  dull  red  ; 
the  flesh  juicy,  rich  and  pleasant.  The  tree 
bears  young,  is  very  productive,  and  the  fruit 
ripens  in  September. 

No.  19.     Chair  a' Dame. 

This  pear  is  of  medium  size,  obovate,  the 
stem  is  short  and  fleshy,  obliquely  inserted  un- 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  71 

der  some  irregular  bunches  or  protuberances  ; 
the  skin  is  a  dull  yellow,  mixed  with  russet 
and  a  small  portion  of  red  ;  the  flesh  is  crisp, 
coarse  grained,  and  sugary.  The  tree  is  of 
vigorous  growth,  and  appears  to  be  a  good 
bearer.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  20.     Ureen  Pear  of  Yair. 

This  pear  is  of  medium  size  ;  the  form  full 
at  the  crown,  diminishing  gradually  to  the  stem; 
the  skin  is  smooth,  and  when  fully  ripe  of  a 
light  green  ;  the  flesh  melting,  very  juicy  and 
good.  A  great  bearer.  Ripening  in  Sep- 
tember. 

No.  21.     St.  Ghislain. 

This  superior  pear  is  one  of  the  new  Flem- 
ish varieties  ;  it  is  of  medium  size  ?  the  shape 
rather  oblong  ;  the  skin  at  maturity  is  a  pale 
yellow  ;  the  flesh  juicy,  melting  and  very  de- 
licious. The  tree  is  vigorous,  and  bears 
good  crops  every  year.  One  of  the  finest  of 
pears,  anad  should  be  found  in  every  good  col- 
lection.    Ripening  in  September  and  October. 

No.  22.     Cushing. 
A  native  fruit  from  Hingham,  Mass.     The 


72  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

size  in  rich  ground  is  large  ;  the  form  oblong, 
diminishing  from  the  eye  to  an  obtuse  point 
at  the  stem ;  the  skin  when  ripe  smooth,  of  a 
light  yellow,  sometimes  with  dull  red  on  the 
side  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  white, 
melting,  sprightly  and  good.  It  comes  early 
into  bearing,  produces  well,  and  the  fruit  rip- 
ens the  last  of  September. 

No.  23.     Rostiezer, 

This  tree  was  received  from  the  Messrs. 
Baumans,  of  Bollwiller.  Th<i  fruit  is  of  me- 
dium size,  oblong  and  pointed  at  the  stem, 
the  skin  covered  with  light  yellow  russet ;  the 
flesh  melting,  high  flavoured  and  delicious.  It 
ripens  about  the  first  of  October,  and  so  far 
as  we  could  judge  from  the  first  specimens,  is 
decidedly  a  first  rate  fruit. 

No.  24*.     Jachnan^s  Melting, 

This  tre^  was  received  from  the  Messrs. 
Youngs,  of  Epsom,  England  ;  it  produced  its 
first  fruit  in  1837  ;  the  name  is  no  doubt  er- 
roneous, as  it  is  not  noticed  in  the  catalogue 
of  the  London  Hort.  Society,  or  in  any  other 
work  of  authority.     The  fruit  is  large  and 


BOOK   OF    FRUITS.  73 

very  long,  the  stem  short,  the  skin  entirely  of 
a  dark  red  ;  the  flesh  juicy  and  good,  but  not 
rich  ;  it  is  remarkable  for  its  beauty,  promises 
to  bear  well,  and  ripens  the  last  of  September. 

No.  25.     Seckle. 

This  well  known  and  excellent  pear  is  of 
small  size  on  poor  land  ;  the  form  is  regular, 
round  at  the  blossom  end,  diminishing  gradu- 
ally to  an  obtuse  point  at  the  stem  ;  the  skin 
often  yellow  with  a  brownish  red  cheek, 
sometimes  entirely  covered  with  greenish  rus- 
set ;  the  flesh  melting  and  of  most  exquisite 
flavour  ;  the  growth  of  the  tree  is  slow,  with 
great  and  unusual  symmetry.  It  produces 
al)undant  crops ;  but  in  order  to  obtain  fruit 
of  large  size,  the  ground  should  be  rich  and 
the  tree  pruned  with  a  more  open  head,  than 
is  generally  thought  necessary.  Ripens  grad- 
ually in  the  house  from  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber to  the  last  of  October. 

No.  26.     Jalousie, 

This  pear  is  rather  above  the  mediqm  size  ; 
the  form  round  and  large  at  the  blossom  end, 
diminishing  rapidly  to  a  point  at  the  stem ; 


74  SOOK   OF  FRUITS. 

the  skin  is  smooth,  and  entirely  covered  vv  ith 
a  cinnamon  russet ;  the  flesh  white  and  melt- 
ing, very  pleasant  and  good.  The  tree 
bears  well,  and  the  fruit  is  in  use  during  the 
w^hole  month  of  October* 

No.  27.     Johonnot. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  the  late  George 
S.  Johonnot,  Esq.  of  Salem.  The  fruit  is  of 
medium  size,  of  a  roundish  and  very  unequal 
form ;  a  little  extended,  the  skin  thin,  the 
colour  a  dull  yellow,  with  a  large  portion  of 
dull  brown  and  indistinct  russet ;  the  flesh  is 
very  fine,  melting  and  delicious.  The  tree  is- 
not  vigorous  ;  it  bears  well,  and  is  in  perfec- 
tion from  the  middle  of  September  to  the 
middle  of  October. 

No.  28.     Andrews* 

This  fruit  sometimes  attains  a  large  size,  the 
form  is  oblong,  tapering  gently  from  the  blos- 
som end  to  the  stem  ;  the  skin  when  at  maturity 
is  a  yellowish  green,  often  with  a  dull  red  cheek; 
the  flesh  melting,  juicy  and  high  flavoured  ;  it 
is  a  most  valuable  pear,  producing  its  fruit 
early  and  abundantly.    The  tree  is  not  of  vei^ 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  76 

Vigorous    growth.      Ripe  in  September  and 
October. 

No.  29.     Autumn  Superb. 

This  is  a  large  pear,  full  and  round  at  the 
eje,  diminishing  to  a  point  at  the  stem ;  the 
skin  is  jellow  mixed  with  dull  red ;  the  flesh 
melting  and  good,  but  not  very  high  flavoured. 
It  bears  young  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  October. 
It  was  originally  introduced  from  France,  and 
received  its  present  name  in  this  country. 

No.  30.     Belle  Lucrative. 

The  tree  which  produces  this  fine  fruit,  was 
received  from  the  Messrs.  Young,  of  Epsom, 
England.  The  size  is  large,  the  form  round 
at  the  blossom  end,  tapering  gradually  to  the 
stem ;  the  skin,  when  ripe,  is  a  pale  yellow, 
sometimes  with  a  little  dull  red  next  the  sun  ; 
the  flesh  is  melting,  sweet,  juicy  and  fine  fla- 
voured. It  bears  well.  Ripens  in  Septem- 
ber and  October,  and  is  worthy  of  a  place 
among  the  choicest  selections. 

No.  31.     Belle  et  Bonne. 
These  trees  have  been  received  from  vari- 


76  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

ous  sources,  as  the  Belle  de  Bruxelles  ;  the 
fruit  is  large  and  round,  the  skin  yellow,  some- 
times with  a  little  blush  on  the  side  exposed 
to  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  very  sweet,  rich  and 
good.  The  tree  is  very  vigorous  in  its  growth  ; 
does  not  bear  till  it  has  attained  a  large  size ; 
it  is  then  very  fruitful.     Kipe  in  October. 

No.  32.     Long  Green. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  old  varieties  ; 
its  form  is  very  long  ;  skin  at  maturity  a  light 
green  ;  the  flesh  is  white,  melting  and  fine  fla- 
voured. The  tree  is  of  vigorous  growth,  bears 
well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  September  and 
October. 

No.  33.     Benry  Fourth, 

This  pear  is  of  small  size,  the  form  very  ir- 
regular, oblong  ;  the  skin  of  a  dull  yellow, 
mixed  with  brown  and  green  ;  flesh  yellow, 
gritty,  juicy  and  melting,  with  a  high  and 
somewhat  remarkable  flavor.  It  bears  young 
and  abundantly,  and  ripens  in  September. 

No.  34.     Beurre   Van  Marum, 
This  is  one  of  the  new  Flemish  pears  ;  it  is 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  77 

of  medium  size,  the  form  oblong,  the  skin  of 
a  bright  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of 
red ;  the  flesh  melting,  juicy  and  fine.  It  is 
an  early  and  great  bearer,  and  in  perfection 
about  the  last  of  September. 

No,  35.      Capsheaf. 

The  origin  of  this  pear  is  unknown ;  it  is 
much  cultivated  near  Providence,  R.  I.,  where 
it  may  have  originated.  The  size  is  small ; 
the  form  almost  round ;  the  skin  a  light  cin- 
namon russet ;  the  flesh  white,  melting  and 
juicy,  with  a  pleasant  but  not  high  flavour. 
It  bears  well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  October. 

No.  SQ,     Surpass  Vergalieu, 

This  tree  was  received  from  the  late  Mr. 
Parmentier,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I. ;  as  we  do  not 
find  the  name  in  any  European  author,  it  was 
probably  adopted  in  this  country.  The  fruit 
is  large,  form  oblong,  some  specimens  nearly 
round  ;  the  skin  smooth,  of  a  light  yellow  with 
a  little  red  on  the  side  next  the  sun ;  the  flesh 
rich,  juicy  and  high  flavoured.  It  appears  to 
require  a  warm  sun  to  have  it  in  its  greatest 
perfection ;  it  bears  young,  yields  large  crops 


78  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

of  fair  fruit  every  year,  and  is  worthy  of  ex- 
tensive cultivation.     Ripe  in  October. 

No.  37.     Heathcote. 

This  native  pear  is  large  on  rich  land  ;  the 
form  is  long,  round  at  the  blossom  end,  and 
full  at  the  stalk ;  the  skin  almost  always  of  a 
light  yellow,  seldom  a  tinge  of  red ;  the  flesh 
melting,  rich  and  well  flavored.  The  growth 
of  the  tree  is  handsome  and  vigorous.  It  pro- 
duces abundant  crops,  and  ripens  in  Septem- 
ber and  October. 

No.  38.     Harvard. 

This  pear  originated  in  Cambridge,  Mass. ; 
the  size  is  large,  the  form  oblong,  contracted 
in  the  middle,  diminishing  to  an  obtuse  point 
to  the  stem,  which  is  inserted  in  a  small  cav- 
ity ;  the  skin  is  of  a  dull  russety  yellow,  some- 
times nearly  covered  with  brownish  red  ;  the 
flesh  white,  juicy  and  fine,  but  subject  to  rot 
at  the  core,  which  is  its  only  defect.  The 
tree  is  uncommonly  strong  and  upright  in  its 
growth  ;  it  attains  a  large  size  before  produc- 
ing fruit ;  it  is  then  a  great  bearer.  Ripe  in 
September  and  October? 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  79 

No.  39.     Naumkeag. 

This  is  a  seedling  from  the  garden  of  the 
late  G.  S.  Johonnot,  Esq.,  of  Salem  ;  the 
wood  and  leaf  of  the  tree  resemble  those  of 
the  Brown  Beurre.  The  fruit  is  large,  form  oval, 
rather  oblong,  full  and  round  both  at  the  blos- 
som end  and  at  the  stem  ;  the  skin  a  yellow 
russet,  with  much  dull  brown  mixed  with 
russet ;  flesh  juicy,  melting  and  good,  with 
rather  too  much  astringency.  A  great  bear- 
er,— ripening  in  October. 

No.  40.  Raymond. 
A  new  fruit,  which  originated  on  the  farm 
of  Doctor  Joseph  Wight,  of  Raymond,  Me. 
It  is  sometimes  large,  but  generally  of  a  me- 
dium size,  the  shape  of  the  St.  Michael's  ;  the 
skin  yellow  wjth  some  dull  red  and  russet  on 
the  side  exposed  to  the  sun ;  the  flesh  melt- 
ing, rich  and  high  flavoured,  equal  to  any  pear 
of  the  same  season.  The  tree  is  slow  and 
crooked  in  its  growth,  but  produces  well,  and 
the  fruit  ripens  in  September  and  October. 

No.  41.     Bifffum. 
This  pear  originated  in  Rhode  Island  ;  the 


80  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

size  is  large,  the  form  nearly  oval,  the  skin 
yellow  mixed  with  russet  and  brownish  red 
next  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  melting  and  good,  but 
not  first  rate.  The  tree  is  very  upright  and 
strong  in  its  growth  ;  a  great  bearer,  and  an 
excellent  market  fruit.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  42.     Beurre  Bosc. 

One  of  the  new  Flemish  pears  ;  the  form  is 
very  long,  the  skin  of  a  light  cinnamon  russet; 
the  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting  and  good.  It 
bears  abundantly,  and  ripens  in  October  and 
November. 

No.  43.  Golden  Buerre  of  Bilboa, 
This  tree  was  imported  from  Bilboa,  by 
Mr.  Hooper,  of  Marblehead  ;  the  original 
name  is  unknown ;  in  size  and  shape  it  re- 
sembles the  Doyenne  Gris,  but  the  skin  is  of 
a  lighter  russet ;  the  flesh  is  melting,  rich  and 
of  fine  flavour ;  it  promises  to  be  a  good  bear- 
er.    Ripens  in  October. 

No,  44.     Washington, 
A  native  fruit  from  New  Jersey,  of  medi- 
um size ;  the  form  is  oval,  the  skin  of  a  light 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  81 

yellow,  covered  with  small  brown  spots,  some- 
times a  slight  tinge  of  red ;  the  flesh  melting 
and  excellent,  with  an  unusual  flavour.  The 
tree  grows  vigorously,  bears  well,  and  the 
fruit  ripens  in  September.  A  beautiful  and 
good  pear,  worthy  of  cultivation. 

No.  45.     Gansels  Bergamot. 

This  has  been  placed  among  the  old  pears  ; 
it  is  only  comparatively  so,  having  been  raised 
in  1768 ;  as  yet  it  shows  no  indication  of  de- 
cay, such  as  we  see  in  many  of  the  finest  old 
pears.  It  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  bad 
bearer,  but  in  the  gardens  in  Salem  it  pro- 
duces good  crops.  The  fruit  is  of  medium 
size,  the  form  nearly  round,  the  colour  a  dull 
brown  ;  flesh  white,  melting  and  fine  flavour- 
ed.    Ripe  in  October. 

No.  46.     Cabot 

This  pear  was  produced  from  seed  by  Jos- 
eph S.  Cabot,  Esq.,  of  Salem ;  the  original 
tree,  after  producing  the  first  specimen  of 
fruit,  was  destroyed  by  the  cold  winter  of 
1 831  ;  we  were  so  fortunate  as  to  preserve  a 
scion,  from  which  we  obtained  fruit  the  last 


82  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

season,  1837.  It  is  of  medium  size,  of  a 
round  form,  a  little  extended  ;  the  skin  a  light 
yellow  russet,  with  a  small  portion  of  brown- 
ish red  ;  the  flesh  white,  melting  and  fine  fla- 
vored. It  is  decidedly  a  first  rate  fruit,  and 
worthy  of  extensive  cultivation  ;  the  tree  is  of 
a  strong  and  healthy  growth,  bears  well,  and 
is  in  perfection  during  the  whole  month  of 
October. 

No.  47.     Pope^s  Quaker, 

The  origin  of  this  pear  is  uncertain  ;  it  ap- 
pears to  have  been  first  cultivated  by  a  Mr. 
Pope,  a  nurseryman  near  New  York  ;  the  fruit 
is  of  medium  size,  oblong  pear  shaped,  the 
skin  entirely  covered  with  yellow  russet ;  the 
flesh  white,  melting  and  good,  but  not  high 
flavoured ;  the  tree  is  productive.  The  fruit 
ripens  in  October. 

No.  48,     Bon  Chretien  Fondanie, 

This  is  one  of  the  new  Flemish  pears  ;  fruit 
rather  large,  form  regular,  oval ;  the  skin  a 
yellowish  green,  mixed  with  brown  and  yel- 
low specks  ;  the  flesh  yellow,  rich  and  melt- 
ing ;  the  tree  produced  fruit  the  first  time,  the 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  83 

last  season,  1837,  and  promises  to  be  a  first 
rate  fruit.     Ripe  in  October. 

No.  49,  Princess  of  Orange, 
One  of  the  new  Flemish  pears.  In  size 
and  form  this  fruit  resembles  the  St.  Micha- 
el's ;  the  skin  is  an  orange  russet,  mixed  with 
dull  red ;  the  flesh  white,  melting  and  good, 
but  not  first  rate.  Ripe  in  October.  The 
scions  of  this  pear  were  originally  received 
from  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  but  a 
distinguished  cultivator  of  fruit  from  Belgium, 
thinks  it  cannot  be  the  Princess  of  Orange  of 
Van  Mons. 

No.  50.  Cumberland. 
A  native  fruit  from  Cumberland,  R.  I. ;  the 
size  is  large,  the  form  oblong,  round  and  large 
at  the  blossom  end,  tapering  to  an  obtuse 
point  at  the  stem  ;  the  skin  of  an  orange  col- 
our, with  bright  red  next  the  sun  ;  the  flesh 
melting,  juicy  and  good,  nearly  first  rate. 
Ripe  in  October  and  November.  The  tree  is 
of  vigorous  growth,  and  bears  abundantly. 

No.  51.     Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 
Fruit  large  oblong,  pear  shape ;  skin  yel- 


B4  BOOK    OF    FRUITS* 

lowish  green,  mixed  with  brovvnisli  red  next 
the  sun  ;  the  flesh  melting,  rich  and  good.  It 
produced  its  first  fruit  the  last  season,  and 
gives  every  indication  of  being  a  first  rate 
pear,  and  good  bearer.  Ripe  in  September 
and  October. 

No.  52.     Reine  des  Poires, 

This  is  a  large  pear ;  the  form  obtusely  py- 
ramidal ;  the  skin  a  dull  yellow  mixed  with 
red,  and  red  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun ; 
the  flesh  crisp,  pleasant  and  good,  but  not 
high  flavoured  ,  it  bears  young,  and  is  very 
productive.  Ripe  in  October.  The  tree  has 
a  great  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Easter 
Beurre. 

No.  bS.     Petre, 

This  tree  was  presented  to  me  by  Mr.  Carr, 
of  the  Bartram  Botanic  Garden,  near  Phila- 
delphia, where  the  fruit  originated.  The  first 
specimens  were  produced  the  last  season, 
1837.  The  size  is  large,  the  form  long,  round 
at  the  eye,  and  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point  at 
the  stem  ;  the  skin  is  a  dull  yellow,  mixed 
with  greenish  russet ;  the  flesh  melting,  juicy, 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  85 

and  very  delicious.  Ripe  in  October  and  No- 
vember. It  is  a  pear  of  the  very  first  rank, 
and  should  be  extensively  cultivated. 

No.  54.     Frederic  of  Wurtemherg. 

This  is  one  of  the  nevr  Flemish  pears,  and 
has  been  cultivated  under  the  erroneous  name 
of  the  Capiaumont.  The  size  is  large,  round 
and  full  at  the  blossom  end,  tapering  rapidly  to 
a  point  at  the  stem,  which  is  short  and  placed 
on  the  summit ;  the  skin  a  bright  yellow, 
with  a  brilliant  red  cheek  next  the  sun ;  the 
flesh  yellow,  melting,  rich  and  excellent.  The 
tree  grows  vigorously,  bears  young  and  abun- 
dantly, and  the  appearance  of  the  fruit  is  beau- 
tiful.    Ripe  in  September  and  October. 

No.  bb.     Urhaniste. 

One  of  the  new  Flemish  pears,  the  size  and 
form  is  somewhat  like  the  St.  Michael's,  round 
and  full  at  the  eye,  diminishing  gradually  to 
an  obtuse  point  at  the  sEii^  which  is  inserted 
in  a  shallow  round  cavity ;  skin  light  green, 
nearly  yellow,  with  small  spots  of  dull  russet ; 
flesh  white,  melting  and  fine.  The  tree  is  of 
handsome  form  and  grows  vigorously ;  does 


86  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

not  bear  young,  but  is  productive  after  it  has 
attained  a  proper  size.  Of  all  the  new  Euro- 
pean pears,  this  is  the  best  substitute  for  the 
old  favorite,  St.  Michael's.  Ripe  in  October 
and  November* 

No.  56^     Wilkinson. 

A  native  pear  from  Cumberland,  R.  I. ;  the 
size  in  rich  ground  is  large,  the  form  oblong, 
round  at  the  blossom  end,  and  at  the  stem  ; 
the  skin  yellow,  seldom  (on  pear  stocks)  any 
red  ;  the  flesh  white,  juicy  and  melting,  with 
a  fine  and  delicious  flavour.  The  tree  bears 
young,  is  very  fruitful,  and  in  perfection  dur* 
ing  the  months  of  October  and  November.  If 
grafted  on  the  quince  it  is  smaller,  more  pro- 
lific, higher  flavoured,  and  a  brighter  red  cheek, 
than  if  grafted  on  the  pear  stock. 

No.  57.     Bergamotte  d^Jutomne.      ^ 

This  pear  is  of  medium  size,  the  form  round, 
a  little  lengthened  towards  the  stem,  which  is 
short  and  inserted  in  a  small  cavity ;  the  skin 
when  ripe  is  a  dusky  yellow,  thickly  sprinkled 
with  greyish  spots ;  the  flesh  breaking,  ten- 
der, juicy  and  sweet.     It  is  a  good  fruit,  an 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  87 

early  and  great  bearer,  ripening  gradually  in 
October ;  distinct  from  the  Autumn  Bei:ga- 
niot  described  by  Cox,  and  figured  in  the  Po- 
niological  Magazine. 

No.  58.     Napoleon, 

One  of  the  new  Flemish  pears  ;  the  size  is 
large,  the  form  long,  round  at  the  blossom  end, 
contracted  in  the  middle,  obtuse  at  the  stem 
which  is  short ;  the  skin  at  maturity  is  a  yel- 
lowish green ;  flesh  melting  and  fine,  with  an 
unusual  quantity  of  juice  ;  in  some  soils  a  lit- 
tle too  astringent ;  tree  healthy  and  strong, 
bears  well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  October. 

No.  59.     Marie  Louise. 

This  is  also  one  of  the  new  Flemish  pears  ; 
the  size  is  large,  the  form  long,  tapering  from 
the  middle  to  the  eye  and  stem ;  the  skin  is  a 
dusky  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  large  portion 
of  cinamon  russet ;  the  flesh  white,  melting, 
juicy  and  very  delicious  ;  the  tree  grows  crook- 
ed, and  the  leaves  are  small  and  generally 
hollowed  like  the  bowl  of  a  spoon ;  it  is  equal 
to  any  other  pear  of  the  season,  European  or 
An>erican-     Ripe  in  October  and  November* 


88  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

No.  60.  Fulton, 
This  pear  originated  on  the  farm  of  Mrs. 
Fulton,  Topsham,  Me.  ;  the  size  is  small,  the 
form  nearly  round,  a  little  lengthened,  the  skin 
entirely  covered  with  dark  russet ;  the  flesh 
white,  melting,  juicy  and  well  flavoured  ;  the 
tree  bears  well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  gradually 
in  the  house,  in  October  and  November. 

No.  61.  Bleekerh  Meadoio. 
A  native  fruit  from  New  York ;  the  size  is 
small,  the  form  round,  somewhat  flat ;  the 
skin,  when  fully  ripe,  is  yellow ;  the  flesh  yel- 
low, melting,  juicy  and  very  high  flavoured. 
The  growth  of  the  tree  is  vigorous ;  it  does 
not  bear  young,  but  as  it  increases  in  size  it 
bears  well.  A  fine  delicious  pear,  ripening  in 
October  and  November. 

No.  62.     Dix. 

This  fine  pear  originated  in  the  garden  of 
Mrs.  Dix,  in  Boston  ;  the  size  is  large,  oblong, 
tapering  gently  from  the  blossom  end  to  the 
stem,  which  is  short ;  the  skin,  when  ripe,  is 
yellow,  sometimes  with  a  blush  of  red  on  the 
side  exposed  to  the  sun ;   the  flesh  melting, 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  89 

juicj  and  very  rich,  with  a  high  and  most 
agreeable  flavour  ;  in  perfection  during  the 
months  of  October  and  November ;  the  tree 
is  of  slow  growth,  the  wood  small  and  thorny  ; 
it  grows  to  a  large  size  before  bearing;  it 
then  produces  plentifully. 

No.  63,  Duchesse  d^Angouleme, 
One  of  the  new  European  pears  ;  the  size 
is  very  large,  oblong,  round  at  the  blossom 
ends,  tapering  gradually  to  an  obtuse  point  at 
the  stem  with  a  knobby  and  uneven  surface  ; 
the  skin  greenish  yellow,  spotted  with  small 
russet  points  ;  the  flesh  very  rich,  melting  and 
high  flavoured.  It  is  a  good  pear  on  stand- 
ards in  rich  ground,  larger  and  better  on  the 
quince,  trained  low ;  it  is  very  productive. 
Ripe  in  October  and  November, 

No.  64.     MoorfowVs  Egg^  of  Boston. 

A  pear  of  medium  size,  oval  form  ;  the  skin 
light  green,  mixed  with  russet  and  brown 
next  the  sun ;  the  flesh  tender,  juicy  and 
good ;  tree  of  vigorous  growth,  and  ripens  in 
November.  This  we  think  cannot  be  the 
pear  of  the  same  name  cultivated  in  England 
and  Scotland.^  Av  , 


90  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

No.  66.  Beurre  DieL 
One  of  the  best  of  the  new  Flemish  pears ; 
the  size  is  verj  large,  tapering  gradually  from 
the  middle  to  both  the  eye  and  stem,  where  it  is 
full  and  thick  ;  the  skin  when  ripe  of  an  orange 
colour,  with  small  russet  spots ;  the  flesh  white, 
sugary,  rich  and  delicious  ;  the  tree  is  of  a 
1  crooked,  but  strong  and  healthy  growth  ;  it 
bears  wxll,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  November 
and  December. 

No.  QQ,     Sylvanche  Verte, 

The  pear  which  we  cultivate  by  this  name 
resembles  the  Beurre  Diel,  in  size,  shape,  col- 
our, flavour,  and  time  of  ripening  ;  the  growth 
t/iJ  q/^^  the  tree  is  also  similar,  at  least  we  can  per- 
j  ceive  no  difference.  We  see  by  the  2d  Edi- 
tion of  the  London  Hort.  Society's  Catalogue, 
that  this  pear  had  not  then  been  proved  in 
their  garden. 

No.  67.     Bourgmestre,  of  Boston, 

A  pear  of  large  size,  very  long,  round  at  the 

blossom  end,  tapering  gently  to  a  point  at  the 

stem,  which  is  short  and  fleshy  at  its  junction 

with  the  fruit;  the  skin  greenish  yellow,  (on 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  91 

a  quince  stock  it  has  a  bright  red  cheek ;)  the 
flesh  juicy  and  pretty  good,  but  not  rich.  Ripe 
from  November  to  January.  This  is  not  the 
Bourgmestre  of  the  London  Hort.  Society's 
Catalogue.  We  were  inclined  to  discontinue 
its  cultivation,  but  its  abundant  bearing,  great 
size,  and  beautiful  appearance,  the  two  last 
seasons,  have  induced  us  to  continue  it  for 
further  investigation. 

No.  68.  Newtown  Vergalieu, 
We  should  judge  by  the  name  that  this  pear 
originated  on  Long  Island  ;  it  is  of  large  size, 
round  at  the  blossom  end,  tapering  to  a  point 
at  the  stem,  which  is  short ;  the  skin  of  a  pale 
yellow,  seldom  with  a  tinge  of  red ;  the  flesh 
is  sweet,  rather  dry,  not  highly  prized  as  a  ta- 
ble fruit,  but  excellent  for  baking.  It  ripens 
in  the  early  winter  months,  and  its  produc- 
tiveness renders  it  desirable  in  an  orchard. 
The  tree  is  crooked  and  strong  in  its  growth, 
forming  a  large  spreading  head  like  that  of  an 
apple  tree. 

No.  69.     Fi^  Pear  of  Naples, 
The  scions  of  this  pear  were  received  from 


92  BOOK    OF   FRUITS* 

the  London  Horticultural  Society.  In  their 
catalogue  it  is  described  as  first  rate ;  the 
fruit  is  of  large  size,  form  oval,  skin  a  dark 
brown,  with  a  mixture  of  red;  flesh  melting, 
juicy  and  good  ;  it  is  very  productive,  and 
bears  young.  Ripe  in  November  and  Decem- 
ber. 

No.  70.     fVinter  Nelia. 

One  of  the  new  Flemish  pears  ;  the  size 
and  form  is  somewhat  like  the  Seckle ;  the 
skin  a  greenish  yellow,  covered  with  dark 
spots ;  in  some  seasons  they  have  a  large  por- 
tion of  dull  russet ;  the  flesh  yellow,  melting, 
sweet,  and  very  high  flavoured  ;  a  very  fine 
pear,  ripening  during  the  months  of  December, 
January  and  February. 

No.  71.     Passe  Col  mar. 

This  is  also  one  of  the  new  Flemish  pears ; 
the  size  is  large,^  the  form  round  and  full  at 
the  blossom  end,  contracting  suddenly  to  the 
stem,  which  is  about  an  inch  long,  and  plant- 
ed in  a  small  and  oblique*  cavity  ;  the  flesh  is 
yellow,  melting,  sweet  and  excellent.  The 
growth  of  the  tr^e  is  vigorous,  without  any 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  93 

symmetry  ;  its  produce  very  great ;  it  is  a  fa- 
vourite, and  deserves  to  be  so.  We  have  had 
them  ill  eating  from  October  to  February. 

No.  72.  Siirpasse  St,  Germain, 
Introduced  into  England  from  Flanders,  by 
the  late  John  Braddick,  Esq.  It  is  of  medi- 
um size,  round  at  the  crown,  tapering  to  the 
stem,  which  is  obliquely  planted  ;  it  is  of  very 
irregular  form ;  the  skin  is  rough,  yellow  mix- 
ed with  dull  brown ;  the  flesh  coarse  grained, 
sugary  and  high  flavoured  ;  it  produces  abun- 
dantly, and  the  fruit  ripens  in  December  and 
January. 

No.  73.  Lewis. 
This  pear  originated  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 
John  Lewis,  Roxbury,  Mass.  The  size  is 
small,  the  form  round,  a  little  oblong ;  the 
skin,  when  ripe,  a  greenish  yellow  ;  the  flesh 
white,  melting,  juicy  and  good.  The  tree  is 
of  the  most  rapid  growth  ;  a  great  and  con- 
stant bearer.  The  fruit  ripens  from  Novem- 
ber to  February. 

No.  74.     Princess  St,  Germain, 
Produced  from  seed  at  the  Nursery  of  W, 


94  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

Prince  &  Sons,  at  Flushing,  L.  I.  The  fruit 
is  of  medium  size;  in  form  sometimes  like 
the  old  St.  Germain  ;  the  skin  yellow,  with 
patches  of  russet,  and  a  dull  red  cheek  on  the 
side  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  the  flesh  is  melting 
and  good,  but  not  esteemed  a  first  rate  fruit ; 
its  abundant  bearing,  and  its  ripening  gradu- 
ally in  the  house  during  the  winter,  renders  it 
a  very  valuable  market  fruit. 

No.  75.     Glout  Morceau. 

A  new  Flemish  pear ;  the  size  is  sometimes 
large,  the  form  rather  oblong,  round  at  the 
crown,  diminishing  suddenly  to  the  stalk, 
which  is  inserted  in  an  oblique  cavity;  the 
skin  is  a  dull  green,  nearly  yellow  when  ripe, 
mixed  with  russet  blotches  ;  the  flesh  white, 
juicy  and  excellent ;  the  growth  pf  the  tree  is 
crooked  and  bending  ;  it  produces  well,  and 
the  fruit  ripens  gradually  from  December  to 
February.  The  French  nurserymen  still  con- 
tinue the  cultivation  of  this  pear  under  the 
name  of  the  Beurre  d'Aremberg, 

No.  76.     Echasserie. 
This  is  one  of  the  old  French  table  pears  ; 


,;^.,v/-/V.«//?-^/' 


lUister  BpurreE    Pear 


feOOK    OF    FRUITS.  '95 

the  size  is  small,  of  oval  form ;  the  skin,  at 
maturity,  a  greenish  yellow  ;  the  flesh  melt- 
ing, juicy  and  sugary.  It  is  a  good  bearer, 
and  a  favourite  winter  pear,  ripening  from 
December  to  March. 

No.  77.  Beurre  (PAremherg, 
A  new  Flemish  pear ;  in  good  ground  it  is 
usually  "of  a  large  size  ;  the  form  oblong,  thick 
at  the  crown  and  stalk ;  the  skin  when  ripe  a 
dark  yellow  mixed  with  russet  specks ;  the 
flesh  white,  melting,  rich  and  sweet.  It  is  in 
eating  during  the  winter  months,  and  has  the 
reputation  of  being  one  of  the  most  valuable 
table  pears. 

No.  78.     Easter  Beurre, 

[See  plate  No.  2.] 

The  size  of  this  pear  is  large ;  of  an  oval 
form  ;  the  skin,  when  ripe,  is  dark  yellow, 
covered  with  russet  spots  ;  the  flesh  yellow, 
melting  and  high  flavoured.  It  bears  abun- 
dant crops,  grafted  either  on  the  pear  or 
quince  ;  keeps  till  May,  and  is  the  most  valu- 
able late  winter  pear  yet  known. 

No.  79.     Catillm, 
This  is  one  of  the  old  French  baking  pears  ; 


96  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

it  is  very  large,  flat  and  round  at  the  crown, 
diminishing  rapidly  to  the  stalk,  which  is  an 
inch  in  length,  obliquely  inserted  ;  the  skin  of 
a  light  green,  nearly  yellow  when  ripe  ;  the 
flesh  hard  and  suitable  for  baking  from  No- 
vember till  April ; — -very  productive. 

No.  80.  Black  Pear  of  Worcester. 
Fruit  large,  oblong ;  skin  rough,  covered 
with  dull  russet ;  the  flesh  hard  and  coarse, 
suitable  for  baking  during  the  winter  and 
spring  ;  it  produces  abundantly  ;  the  branches 
of  the  tree,  when  loaded  with  fruit,  bend  to 
the  ground  like  the  weeping  willow. 

No.  81.  Pound  Pear, 
This  is  one  of  the  largest  pears ;  its  origin 
unknown,  but  supposed  to  be  European ;  the 
form  oblong  ;  some  of  the  pears  are  thickest  in 
the  middle,  tapering  to  the  crown  and  stem ; 
the  flesh  coarse  and  astringent.  It  is  a  great 
bearer,  and  the  best  winter  baking  pear,  being 
one  of  the  most  profitable  fruits  for  the  mar- 
ket. The  extensive  cultivation  of  Nos.  79, 
80,  and  81,  in  large  orchards,  would  produce 
greater  and  surer  income,  for  the  capital  em- 
ployed, than  any  other  investment. 


BOOK   OF   FRUITS.  97 

PSACHES. 

No.  1.     Early  Ann, 

This  is  a  small  round  fruit,  with  a  greenish 
white  skin;  flesh  melting  and  good.  The 
tree  does  not  attain  a  large  size  ;  a  freestone, 
ripe  in  August* 

No.  2.     Early  Rotjal  George. 

The  size  is  large,  the  form  round,  the  skin 
of  a  bright  yellow,  with  a  large  portion  of 
deep  red  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun ,  the 
flesh  melting  and  delicious  ;  it  is  a  great  bear- 
er, and  one  of  the  most  superior  peaches  we 
have  ever  raised ;   a  freestone,  ripe  in  August. 

No.  3.     Red  Rareripe, 

This  is  a  large  freestone  peach ;  form  near- 
ly round  ;  the  skin  of  a  very  bright  yellow, 
with  a  light  red  cheek  ;  the  flesh  very  rich 
and  excellent.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  4.     White  Rareripe, 

This  peach  is  of  large  size,  the  form  some- 
what oblong,  the  skin  a  pale  yellow,  nearly 


98  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

white;  flesh  white,  juicy  and  of  fine  flavour. 
Ripe  in  August. 

No.  5.     Red  and  Yellow  Rareripe. 

A  large  round  freestone  peach ;  the  skin  of 
a  deep  orange  yellow,  with  a  dark  red  cheek  ; 
the  flesh  deep  yellow,  rich,  sweet  and  luscious. 
The  tree  is  an  abundant  bearer ;  and  a  most 
valuable  peach — ripening  in  August. 

No.  6.     Grosse  Mignonne. 

This  a  large,  round  and  most  beautiful  free- 
stone peach  ;  the  skin  deep  yellow,  with  a 
brownish  red  cheek  next  the  sun  ;  flesh  light 
yellow,  fine  and  delicious.  ^  A  peach  of  the 
highest  character.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  7.     Red  Cheek  Melacoton, 

A  large  freestone  peach,  of  an  oblong  shape, 
the  skin  of  an  orange  yellow,  with  a  dark  red 
cheek ;  flesh  yellow,  melting  and  rich.  Ripe 
in  September. 

No.  8.     Malta. 

This  peach  is  of  a  large  size  ;  form  round, 
rather  flat  at  the  stem ;  the  skin  a  light  green. 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  99 

mottled  and  blotched  on  the  sunny  side  with 
dull  red  ;  the  flesh  greenish  yellow,  red  next 
the  stone,  with 'a  most  superior  flavour;  a 
freestone  peach.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  9.     President, 

A  large  and  most  superior  freestone  peach ; 
the  form  roundish  oblong  ;  the  skin  pale  yel- 
low with  a  bright  red  cheek  ;  the  surface  cov- 
ered with  small  red  spots,  which  give  it  a  rich 
and  beautiful  aj)pearance  ;  the  flesh  white  and 
high  flavoured  ;  one  of  the  best  of  peaches. 
Ripe  in  September. 

No.  10.     Belle  de  Vltry, 

This  peach  is  of  large  size  ;  the  form  round, 
a  little  oblong ;  the  skin  a  dull  yellow  and 
red  ;  the  flesh  melting,  juicy  and  excellent ; 
between  a  freestone  and  clingstone.  Ripe  in 
September. 

No.  11.     White  Blossom, 

Of  medium  size,  oblong ;  the  skin  a  very 
light  yellow,  nearly  white ;  the  flesh  white, 
melting  and  extremely  juicy,  with  a  most 
agreeable  acidity.     Ripe  in  September.     We 


100  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

have  found  this  a  hardy  peach,  and  most 
certain  bearer  in  our  climate.  We  have 
for  several  years  reproduced  them  from  the 
stone.  The  blossoms  are  clear  white,  and  the 
young  wood  resembles  that  of  the  willow  tree. 

No.  12.     Orange  Freestone, 

This  peach  is  of  medium  size ;  the  form 
round ;  the  skin  a  deep  orange  yellow  ;  flesh 
yellow  and  sweet,  but  rather  dry  ;  a  beautiful 
and  good  fruit.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  13.     Congress  Clingstone. 

The  size  is  large,  form  round ;  skin  yellow 
and  bright  red  ;  flesh  rich  and  excellent.  Ripe 
in  September. 


No.  14.     Otdmiaon  Clingstone. 

Large,  round  and  rather  flat ;  skin  whitish  yel- 
low, with  a  bright  red  cheek,  beautifully  spot- 
ted with  red  dots.  Of  all  the  clingstone 
peaches  this  is  the  most  delicious  ;  a  great 
bearer,  ripening  its  fruit  gradually  in  Septem- 
ber. We  have  cultivated  this  peach,  and  the 
Catharine  and  old  Newington,  and  could  never 
perceive  any  difference  in  the  fruit  or  trees. 


Moo-res  Lith. Boston. 


Cop's  Golden  :Br op  Tlnm 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  101 

No.  15.     Heath  Clingstone. 

Fruit  large,  oblong  ;  skin  of  a  delicate  cream 
colour,  sometimes  with  a  faint  blush  on  the 
sunny  side  ;  flesh  rich,  very  juicy  and  fine  fla- 
voured. Ripe  in  October,  and  we  have  eaten 
them  produced  in  our  own  orchard  in  the 
highest  perfection,  on  Thanksgiving  Day, 
November  30th, 

The  Nectarine  and  the  Apricot,  so  nearly 
allied  to  the  Peach,  we  should  not  recommend 
for  cultivation  upon  standards,  but  inoculated 
upon  the  plum  stock,  and  trained  as  Espaliers 
upon  walls  or  fences,  they  often  produce  fine 
fruit,  particularly  the  Apricot. 


No.  1.     Italian  Damask. 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  round ;  skin  dark 
blue,  nearly  black ;  stem  half  an  inch  long,  in- 
serted in  a  small  round  cavity  ;  flesh  yellow, 
juicy  and  high  flavoured.  A  freestone,  a  great 
bearer,  and  one  of  the  best  early  plums.  Ripe 
in  Augtist. 


102  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

No.  2.     Morocco. 

A  fine  and  very  productive  variety  ;  the  size 
is  rather  small,  nearly  round ;  the  skin  a 
dark  purple,  covered  with  a  blue  bloom  ; 
flesh  greenish  yellow,  juicy  and  good.  A 
clingstone — ripening  in  August. 

No.  3.     Princess  Imperial  Gage, 

Originated  at  the  Nursery  of  Wm.  Prince 
&L  Sons,  Flushing,  N.  Y.  Fruit  nearly  as 
large  as  the  yellow  egg  plum  ;  of  an  oval  form  ; 
when  fully  ripe  the  skin  is  yellow,  with  streaks 
of  bright  yellow  and  green  indistinctly  seen  ; 
the  flesh  rich  and  sweet.  The  most  produc- 
tive and  profitable  of  all  the  plums.  Ripe  in 
August. 

No.  4.     Brevoorfs  Purple  Washington. 

Produced  from  the  stone  of  Bolmar's  Wash- 
ington, by  Mr.  Brevoort,  of  New  York.  Fruit 
of  large  size ;  form  round,  and  nearly  oval  ; 
skin  dark  blue,  covered  with  a  blue  bloom  ; 
the  flesh  sweet  and  good.  A  freestone,  ripen- 
ing in  September.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous 
growth  and  very  productive. 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  103 

No.  5.  Orleans, 
This  is  a  well  known  and  productive  plum ; 
the  fruit  is  sometimes  large  ;  the  form  round  ; 
the  skin  dark,  approaching  to  a  purple,  with  a 
thin  blue  bloom  ;  the  flesh  yellow,  firm  and 
good,  with  some  astringencj  near  the  stone, 
from  which  the  flesh  separates.  Ripe  in  Au- 
gust. 

No.  6.     Kirk's  Plum. 

Fruit  large,  round  ;  skin  dark  purple,  cov- 
ered with  a  dense  bloom,  which  adheres  firm- 
ly to  the  skin ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy  and  rich. 
A  very  productive  freestone  plum — ripening  in 
Aui2:ust. 

No.  7.     Purple  Gage, 

Fruit  of  medium  size,  nearly  round,  a  little 
flattened  at  the  ends ;  skin  of  a  violet  colour, 
with  a  light  blue  bloom  ;  the  flesh  greenish, 
rich  and  high  flavoured.  A  first  rate  freestone 
plum  ;  a  great  bearer.     Ripe  in  August. 

No.  8.     Large  Long  Blue, 

The  origin  of  this  fine  plum  is  uncertain  ; 
the  tree  which  produced  the  specimens  was 


104  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

procured  from  the  Nursery  of  the  Messrs. 
Landreth,  Philadelphia.  The  size  is  large ; 
the  form  oval,  very  long ;  the  skin  blue,  near- 
ly black,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom  ;  the  flesh 
yellow,  rich  and  excellent ;  it  hangs  a  long 
time  on  the  tree,  ripening  gradually,  and  is 
well  adapted  to  the  market,  bearing  carriage 
better  than  most  other  plums.  It  is  a  great 
bearer ;  a  freestone.     Ripe  in  September. 

No.  9.     Green  Gage. 

The  finest  of  all  plums  ;  of  medium  size, 
round  ;  the  skin  a  greenish  yellow,  when  very 
ripe  nearly  yellow,  mottled  with  red  near  the 
stem ;  flesh  sugary  and  of  delicious  flavour. 
In  our  own  exposed  grounds,  and  in  grass,  it 
bears  abundant  crops,  not  being  subject  to  rot 
like  many  fine  plums.  A  freestone,  ripening 
in  August  and  September. 

No.  10.     Bleeker^s  Gage. 

Produced  from  seed  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bleek- 
er,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  The  form  oval,  nearly 
round;  skin  a  dark  yellow,  with  dark  red 
spots  and  blotches  ;  the  flesh  is  rich  and  ex- 
cellent.   A  great  bearer.    Ripe  in  September. 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  105 

No.  11.  Cooperh  Plum, 
Produced  from  a  stone  of  the  Orleans,  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Cooper,  of  New-Jersey  ;  the  size 
is  very  large,  round,  a  little  oblong  ;  the  skin 
a  dark  purple ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  rich 
and  good.  It  ripens  in  September ;  produces 
abundant  crops  ;  but  is  very  subject  to  rot  at 
the  period  of  ripening. 

No.  12.     Elfreij. 

This  is  a  plum  of  small  size  and  oval  form  ; 
the  skin  dark  blue  ;  the  flesh  dry,  firm  and  of 
fine  flavour.  The  trees  produce  abundantly. 
A  freestone — ripening  in  September. 

No.  13.  Gennan  Prune. 
Fruit  of  medium  size  ;  form  oval,  dimin- 
ishing towards  the  stem  ;  the  skin  purple  with 
a  blue  bloom ;  the  flesh  rich,  sweet  and 
delicious.  It  produces  abundantly  ;  it  begins 
to  ripen  in  August,  and  can  be  eaten  from  the 
tree  for  a  month  or  more. 

No.   14.     Duane^s  Purple. 

This  is  a  plum  of  an  extraordinary  size  ; 
the    form   round ;    the    skin  a   dark    purple ; 


J 


106  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

llesli  sweet  and  good.  The  Origin  of  this 
phiin  is  uncertain ;  it  ripens  in  September, 
and  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  fine  fruit. 

No.  15.     Bingham, 

Fruit  large  ;  the  form  oval  ;  skin  a  bright 
yellow,  spotted  and  blotched  vvith  red  ;  the 
flesh  yellow,  rich  and  delicious.  A  cling- 
stone— ripening  in  September. 

No.  16.     Washington. 

This  very  superior  Plum  originated  in  New- 
York  ;  the  size  is  very  large ;  form  oval ; 
skio  an  orange  yellow,  speckled  with  red  ; 
the  flesh  yeilo'.v,  sweet  and  excellent;  highly 
esteemed  as  a  first  rate  plum.  Bipe  in  ^Jcp- 
tember. 

I\o,  17.     Italian  Prune, 

The  size  is  large  ;  form  oblong ;  the  skin 
dark  purple,  covered  with  a  bloom  ;  flesh 
greenish  yellow,  firm,  dry  and  fine.  It  bears 
well,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in  S(»ptember  and 
October. 

No.  18.     Diamond, 

This  new^  plum  originated  in  England  ;  it 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  107 

is  of  the  largest  size,  oblong  ;  the  skin  purple, 
nearly  black,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom  ; 
the  flesh  firm  and  good,  but  not  rich  ;  the 
tree  is  of  rapid  growth — an  extraordinary 
bearer.     The  fruit  ripens  in  September. 

No.  19.  Blue  Imperairke, 
Fruit  of  medium  size  ;  shape  oblong,  tap- 
ering to  the  stem  ;  the  skin  a  dark  purple, 
covered  with  a  light  bluish  bloom  ;  the  flesh 
yellowish  green,  firm,  rich  and  sweet.  A 
clingstone.  A  great  bearer.  It  hangs  on 
the  tree  a  long  time,  and  is  in  use  in  October 
and  November. 

No.  20.     Coeh  Golden  Drop, 

[See  plfite  No.  3. J 

This  beautiful  new  plum  is  of  large  size ; 
the  form  is  oval,  with  unequal  sides  ;  the 
skin  a  golden  yellow,  spotted  with  rich  red 
points  and  sniall  blotches,  on  the  sunny  side  ; 
the  flesh  yellow,  sweet  and  delicious.  A 
clingstone — an  abundant  bearer.  Ripening 
gradually  in  September,  October  and  Novem- 
ber. Of  all  the  late  plums  this  is  decidedly 
the  best  and  the  most  profitable  which  can  be 
cultivated.    / 


108  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 


CHERRIES 


No.  1.     Mayduke. 

—  Fruit  of  medium  size,  round  ;  the  skin  when 
fully  ripe  very  dark  red  ;  the  flesh  tender, 
juicy  and  good.  It  is  very  productive,  and 
the  fruit  ripens  the  last  of  June. 

No.  2.  DavenporVs, 
This  fine  cherry  originated  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Davenport,  in  Dorchester,  Mass. ;  the 
fruit  is  large,  skin  bright  red ;  the  flesh  firm 
and  of  excellent  flavour.  It  is  an  early  and 
most  extraordinary  bearer.  Fruit  ripe  early 
in  July. 

No.  3.     Black  Tartarian. 

[See  plate  No.  4.] 

One  of  the  finest  and  most  productive  cher- 
ries ;  the  size  is  large,  heart  shaped,  the  col- 
our when  fully  ripe  is  black  ;  flesh  dark  red, 
tender  and  of  superior  flavour.  Ripe  early  in 
July. 

No.  4.     Napoleon  Bigarreau. 
The  tree  of  this  variety  is  remarkable  for 


Ml'Pif-^  l.ith.ii. 


ftUir/'      'I'ttrt/iriiai      Ciwriy . 


BOOK    OF   FRUITS.  109 

the  vigor  and  beauty  of  its  growth  ;  the  leaves 
are  large  and  smooth.  It  is  a  fine  large  white 
cherry,  ripening  in  July.  As  they  have  just 
come  into  bearing  upon  small  trees,  we  cannot 
as  yet  say  how  productive  they  may  be. 

No.  5.     Black  Heart, 

A  well  known  and  favourite  cherry,  of  me- 
dium size,  the  skin  when  at  maturity  is  black  ; 
flesh  dark  red,  tender  and  of  fine  flavour. 
Ripe  in  July.  Very  productive.  We  seldom 
see  this  cherry  brought  to  market  perfectly 
ripe  ;  when  suflered  to  remain  on  the  tree  till 
they  have  acquired  their  proper  colour,  they 
are  very  superior. 

No.  6.     Florence. 

This  cherry  resembles  the  white  Bigarreau  ; 
but  is  a  little  more  oblong ;  the  flesh  more 
tender,  and  ripens  a  few  days  earlier ;  very 
fine  and  productive. 

No.  7.     Elton. 

A  new  and  very  fine  cherry,  raised  by  Mr. 
Knight,  President  of  the  London  Horticultur- 
al Society ;  it  is  of  medium  size,  long  heart 
J 


110  feOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

shape  ;  of  a  beautiful  cream  colour,  marbled 
with  bright  red  next  the  sun  ;  flesh  rich  and 
excellent.  It  is  ripe  about  the  first  of  July, 
and  promises  when  the  tree  has  attained  a 
proper  size,  to  be  a  great  bearer. 

No.  8.     White  Bigarreau. 

One  of  the  largest  and  finest  cherries  ;  the 
form  obtuse,  heart  shaped  ;  skin  pale  yellow, 
with  a  bright  red  cheek  ;  flesh  very  firm,  juicy, 
sweet  and  fine  flavoured.  Ripe  in  July.  This 
cherry  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  bad  bear- 
er. In  our  orchard  it  bears  abundantly,  and 
owing  to  the  hardness  of  its  flesh,  is  not  liable 
to  injury  from  birds  ;  on  this  account  it  is 
highly  deserving  of  cultivation. 

No.  9.     Black  Eagle, 

This  is  a  new  cherry  ;  the  size  is  sometimes 
large,  shape  nearly  that  of  the  black  heart ; 
skin  a  very  dark  purple  ;  flesh  tender,  of  su- 
perior flavour;  the  young  trees  bear  well. 
Ripe  in  July. 

No.  10.     Gridley. 
Originated  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Gridley,  in 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  Ill 

Roxbury,  Mass.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  nearly 
round  ;  skin  black ;  flesh  firm,  rather  dry,  of 
good  flavour,  and  a  most  abundant  bearer. 
Ripe  in  July. 

No.  11.     Downer. 

This  flne  cherry  originated  in  the  garden  of 
Samuel  Downer,  Esq.  in  Dorchester  ;  it  is  a 
large,  round  cherry,  of  a  light  red  colour  ;  flesh 
firm  and  of  a  fine  sprightly  flavour.  It  ripens 
in  July,  and  is  very  productive. 

No.  12.     Late  Duke, 

The  size  is  large  ;  heart  shape,  rather  flat ; 
the  skin  a  shining  dark  red  ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy  and  good.  It  is  a  great  bearer.  Ripe 
late  in  July. 

No.  13.     White  Mazzard. 

A  new  fruit,  which  originated  in  the  Po- 
moloo:ical  Garden,  from  a  stone  of  the  White 
Bigarreau ;  it  is  of  the  size,  form  and  colour 
of  the  Elton  ;  the  tree  is  of  a  handsome  and 
upright  growth,  and  bears  well.  Ripe  in 
August . 


112  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

No.  14.     Plumstone  Morello. 

This  is  the  largest  and  finest  of  the  acid 
cherries ;  the  skin  is  very  dark  red,  when  ful- 
ly ripe  it  is  nearly  black  ;  flesh  dark  red  and 
of  a  sharp,  rich  and  agreeable  flavour.  A 
great  bearer  ;  it  remains  late  on  the  tree  in  a 
sound  state. 


BOOK    OF    FRUITS.  113 


fiA&D7  ORKiLMZSKTAZi   TBEES  &  SHBUBS. 

The  Catalogues  sent  out  from  the  different 
Nurseries  in  our  country  contain  many  Trees 
and  Shrubs  which  are  in  fact  not  suitable  for 
New-England  culture,  as  our  winters  are 
so  severe  that  they  are  often  killed  to  the 
ground  ; — such  are  the  Rhus  cotinus  or  Veni- 
tian  Sumache,  the  Ailanthus  or  Tree  of  Hea- 
ven, Osage  Orange  and  frequently  the  Catal- 
pa  ; — we  have  therefore  selected  the  following 
list,  of  those  which  can  be  recommended  as 
hardy  and  will  stand  our  winters  unprotected, 
commencing  with 

Large  Ornamental  Trees — Class  1. 

Abele,  or  Silver  Leaf — White  Ash — Button 
Wood — Horse  Chesnut — Weeping  Willow — 
Butternut — Scotch  Larch — Do.  Elm — Lime, 
or  Linden — American  Larch — Common  Lo- 
cust— Honey  do.  or  3  thorn 'd  Acacia — Scarlet 
maple — Sugar  do. — Black  and  Red  Spruce? 
Silver  or  Balsam  Fir — (both  Evergreens) — Li- 
riodendron,  or  Tulip  Tree — European  Syca-v 
more — Striped  leaved  Sycaniore. 


114  BOOK    OF   FRUITS. 

Small  Ornamental  Trees — Class  2. 

Siberian  Red  and  Yellow  Crab — Curled 
Mountain  Ash — Weeping  do. — Double  Flow- 
ering Cherry — Snow  Drop  or  Fringe  Tree — 
Franklinia — Kentucky  Coffee  Tree — Labur- 
num— Double  Flowering  Peach — Shepardia, 
or  Buffalo  Berry. 

Shrubs,  Vines  and  Trees  of  Low  Growth — 
Class  3. 

Rose  Acacia — Double  Flowering  Almond — 
Altheas,  (the  Double  White  excepted) — Caly- 
canthus  (Carolina  Alspice) — Caucassian  Ho- 
neysuckle— Missouri  Fragrant  Currant — Cor- 
nelian Cherry,  (Cornus) — Tartarian  Honey- 
suckle— English  Fly  do.  (Vine) — Fragrant 
Monthly  do.  (Vine) — Scarled  Trumpet  do. 
(Vine) — Privit  or  Prim — Persian  Lilac — Japan 
Quince  or  Pyrus  Japonica — Snow  Ball  or 
Guelder  Rose — Tree  Paeonias,  various  kinds — 
Japan  Globe  Flower  (blossoms   twice  in  the 

season) — Snowberry  : and   nearly   all    the 

varieties  of  Rose,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Chinese  Monthly  Roses,  (so  called,)  which 
require  protection  during  the  winter. 


BOOK    OF  FRUITS.  Il5 

GOOSZSBERRIES. 

Ill  the  article  already  given  upon  this  fruit 
we  recommended  sending  for  those  (without 
regard  to  names)  "which  have  been  tested  by 
the  Nurseryman  and  proved  to  be  the  best 
flavoured."  The  following  list  of  good  kinds 
of  the  Scotch  and  Lancanshire  varieties,  from 
a  grower  of  this  fruit,  we  subjoin  on  his  au- 
thority. 

Red  Fruit. 

Small  Sorts,  Red  Champagne — Rough 
Red — Scotch  Best  Jam. 

Larger  Sorts.  Boardman's — Keen's  Seed- 
ling— Leigh's  Rifleman — Farrow's  Roaring 
Lion — Red  Warrington. 

White  Fruit. 

Small  Sorts.  White  Crystal — White  Cham- 
pagne— Early  White — White  Honey. 

Larger  Sorts.  Woodward's  Whitesmith — 
Wellington's  Glory — Taylor's  Bright  Venus — 
Coleworth's  White  Lion — Saunders'  Chesh- 
ire Lass. 

Yellow  Fruit. 

Small  Sorts.     Yellow  Champagne — Early 
Sulphur— Rumbullion-Hepburn  Yellow  Aston- 
Large  Sorts,     Dixon's  Golden  Yellow. 


116  BOOK    OF    FRUITS. 

Green    Fruit. 

Sinall  Sorts,  Early  Green  Hairy — Hep- 
burn Green  Prolific — Glenten  Green — Pit- 
jiiaston  Green  Gage. 

Larger  Sorts.  Collier's  Jolly  Angler — 
Edwards'  Jolly  Tar. 


In  closing  this  first  manual,  we  here  subjoin 
an  extract  from  Lindley,  one  of  the  most  cel- 
ebrated modern  writers  on  Pomology,  on  the 
method  of  producing  new  varieties  of  fruit. 
He  says, — 

"  The  power  of  procuring  intermediate  va- 
rieties by  the  intermixture  of  the  pollen  and 
stigma  of  two  different  parents  is,  however, 
that  which  most  deserves  consideration.  We 
all  know  that  hybrid  plants  are  constantly  pro- 
duced in  every  garden,  and  that  improvements 
of  the  most  remarkable  kind  are  yearly  occur- 
ring in  consequence.  Experiments  are,  how- 
ever, it  may  be  supposed,  sometimes  made 
without  the  operator  being  exactly  aware  of 
either  of  the  precise  nature  of  the  action  to 
which  he  is  trusting  for  success,  or  of  the  lim- 
its within  which  his  experiments  should  be 
confined. 


moic  or  rRtJiT9.  117 

**  Cross  fertilization  is  effected,  as  every 
one  knows,  by  the  action  of  the  pollen  of  one 
plant  upon  the  stigma  of  another.  The  na- 
ture of  this  action  is  highly  curious.  Pollen 
consists  of  extremely  minute  hollow  balls  or 
bodies;  their  cavity  is  filled  with  fluid,  in 
which  swim  particles  of  a  figure  varying  from 
spherical  to  oblong,  and  having  an  apparently 
spontaneous  motion*  The  stigma  is  compos- 
ed of  very  lax  tissue,  the  intercellular  passages 
of  which  have  a  greater  diameter  than  the 
moving  particles  of  the  pollen. 

"  When  a  grain  of  pollen  comes  in  contact 
with  the  stigma,  it  bursts  and  discharges  its 
contents  among  the  lax  tissue  upon  which  it 
has  fallen.  The  moving  particles  descend 
through  the  tissue  of  the  style,  until  one,  or 
sometimes  more,  of  them  finds  its  way,  by 
routes  specially  destined  by  nature  for  this 
service,  into  a  little  opening  in  the  integu- 
ments of  the  ovuhim  or  young  seed.  Once 
deposited  there,  the  particle  swells,  increases 
gradually  in  size,  separates  into  radicle  and 
cotyledons,  and  finally  becomes  the  embryo, — 
that  part  which  is  to  give  birth,  w^hen  the 
seed  is  sown,  to  a  new  individual. 


118  BOOK   OF   FRUITS. 

"  Such  being  the  mode  in  which  the  pollen 
influences  the  stigma  and  subsequently  the 
seed,  a  practical  consequence  of  great  impor- 
tance necessarily  follows,  viz.  that  in  all  cases 
of  cross  fertilization  the  new  variety  will  take 
chiefly  after  its  polliniferous  or  male  parent ; 
and  that  at  the  same  time  it  will  acquire  some 
of  the  constitutional  peculiarities  of  its  mother. 

*'  ThuSp   the    male    parent  of  the  Downton 

Strawberry  was  the  Old  Black,  the  female  a 
kiiid  of  Scarlet ;  in  Coe's  Golden  Drop  Plum, 
the  father  was  the  Yellow  Magnum  Bonum, 
the  mother  the  Green  Gage  ;  and  in  the 
Elton  Cherry  the  White  Heart  was  the  male 
parent,  and  the  Graffion  the  female. 

"  The  limits  within  which  experiments  of  this 
kind  must  be  confined  are,  however,  narrow. 
It  seems  that  cross  fertilization  will  not  take 
place  at  all,  or  very  rarely,  between  different 
species,  unless  these  species  are  nearly  related 
to  each  other ;  and  that  the  offspring  of  the 
two  distinct  species  is  itself  sterile,  or  if  it 
possesses  the  power  of  multiplying  itself  by 
seed,  its  progeny  returns  back  to  the  state  of 
one  or  other  of  its  parents," 


American  Red  Juneating 

Boxford 

Baldwin 

Blue  Permain 

Bellflower 

Benoni 

Drap  D'Or 

Duchess  of  Oldenburg 

Danvers  Winter  Sweet 

Early  Harvest 

Early  Bough 

Early  Red  Margaret 

Fall  Harvey 

Franklin  Golden  Pippen 

Fameuse 

Gravenstein 

GoldenlRusset 

Green  Sweet 

Hawthorndean 

Hubbardston  Nonsuch 

Kilham  Hill 

Kerry  Pippen 

Lady  Apple 

Lyscom 

J-iovett  Sweet 

Mela  Carla 


Autumn  Superb 
Andrews 
^i\mire  Joannet 

Beurre  D'Aremberg 
'\Beurre  Bosc 
-^eurre,  Easter 
JBeurre,  Golden  of  Bilboa 
-oBeurre  Van  Marum 
-''  yBeurre  Diel 

^ourgmestre,  of  Boston 
Bergamotte  D'Automn^ 
Bloodgood 
-^on  Chretien  Fondante 
.'^elle  Lucrative 
'\Se\\e  et  Bonne 
^^uffum 
,,Bleeker's  Meadow 
/  Black  Pear  of  Worcester 
Chair  A'Dame 
^Capsheaf 


INDEX. 

APPLES. 

Page. 

Pag«. 

46 

Menagere 
Mdrpfiy 

56 

60 

57 

59 

Minister 

62 

55 

Newtown  Spitzenlmrg 

58 

60 

Oslin 

50 

49 

Ortley  Pippen 

67 

48 

Porter 

51 

59 

Perinocks 

58 

60 

Pickman  Pippen 

61 

45 

Red  Ingestrie 

52 

46 

Rambour  D'Ete 

47 

46 

Red  Astracan 

50 

48 

Rhode  Island  Greening 

56 

53 

Ribstone  Pippen 

54 

55 

Red  duarenden 

55 

53 

Red  Doctor  Apple 

49 

54 

Roxbury  Russet 

62 

63 

Summer  Queen 

46 

48 

Summer  Rose 

47 

49 

Summer  Pearmain 

47 

51 

Swaar 

60 

53 

White  Winter  Calvillfe 

58 

59 

Wine  Apple 

55 

51 

Williams'  Favourite  Red 

49 

56 
61 

Yellow  Ingestrie 

53 

PEARS. 

75 

>Cabot 
^■Cumberland 

81 

74 

83 

64 

Crawford 

68 

95 

Citron  de  Sirfentz 

69 

80 

>Cushing 

71 

95 

^Catillac 

95 

80 

I)earborn's  Seedling 

68 

76 

>Duchesse  D'Angouleme 

88 

90 

89 

90 

Echasserie 

94 

86 , --Easter  Beurre 

95 

65;     Fig  Pear  of  Naples 
8a^  Frederic  of  Wurtemberg 
75/ J'ulton 

91 

83 

88 

75 

Green  Pear  of  Yair 

71 

79 

^  Gansels  Bergamot 

.  81 

88 

.Glout  Morceau 

94 

go-'jGolden  Beurre  of  Bilboa 

80 

70 

Olarvard 

78 

7T<^eathcote 

78 

120 


INDEX. 


Honey 

Jiemy  Fourth 
^Xfalouise 

^'''^'ack man's  Melting 

Jjouise  Bonne  de  Jersey 
.y-'yA'Ong  Green 
Jjevvis 
•^ladaleine 
-^\Ji/la.Tie  Louise 
^'^Moorfowl's  Egg,  of  Boston 
Naumiveag 
^^apoleon 
^  Newtown  Vergalieu 
Petit  Muscat 
Pope's  duaker 
Petre 

Princess  of  Orange 
•-Passe  Coimar 
,/  Prince's  St.  Germain 
Pound  Pear 


PEARS. 

Page. 

ti8,,--ilaymond 

76     Reine  de-:  Poires 

73  Roiisselette  Hatiff 

74  Rousselette  de  Kheims 
CT^Rostiezer 

75  Surpass  "Vergalieu 
83x-6eckle 

76  Surpass  St.  Germain 
93     Skinless 

<>4     Summer  Ro^e 
87  .'Summer  Franc  Real 
69\^ummer  Thorn 
790t.  Ghislain 


Page. 
79 
84 
15 
69 
79 
77 
73 
93 
68 
66 
66 
70 
71 
90 


^J/^Sylvanche  Verte 

91  Lfrbaniste  »3 
64XVValee  Tranche  70 
82  'Washington  80 
84<^niliams'  Bon  Chretien  (Bartlett)  '67 
83'^  Williams' Early  70 

92  Wilkinson  86 

93  JVinter  Nelis  92 
93X 


Belle  de  Vitry 

Congress  Clingstone 

Early  Ann 

Early  Royal  George 

Grosse  Mignonne 

Heath  Clingstone 

Malta 

Orange  Freestone 


Blue  Imperatrice 

Brevoort's  Purple  Washington 

Bleeker's  Gage 

Bingham 

Coe's  Golden  Drop 

Cooper's  Plum 

Duane's  Purple 

Diamond 

Elfrey 

Green  Gage 


Black  Tartarian 

Black  Heart 

Black  Eagle 

Davenport's  Early 

Downer 

Elton 

Florence 


Ornamental  Trees,  Class  1 
Oinaraental  Trees,  Class  2 


PEACHES. 

99     Oldmixon  Clingstone 
100     President 


100 


97 

Red  Rareripe 

97 

97 

Red  Cheek  Melacoton 

98 

98 

Red  and  Yellow  Rareripe 

98 

101 

White  Blossom 

99 

98 
IflO 

White  Rareripe 

97 

PLUMS, 

107 

German  Prune 

105 

102 

Italian  Damask 

101 

104 

Italian  Prune 

106 

106 

Kirk's  Plum 

103 

107 

Large  Long  Blue 

103 

105 

Morocco 

102 

105 

Orleans 

103 

103 

Purple  Gage 

103 

105 

Prince's  Imperial  Gage 

102 

104 

Washington 

106 

CHERRIES. 

108 

Gridley 

110 

109 

Late  Duke 

111 

110 

Napoleon  Bigarreau 

108 

108 

Plumstone  Morello 

112 

111 

White  Bigarreau 

110 

109 

White  Mazzard 

111 

109 
MENT 

AL  TREES. 

113 

Ornamental  Shrubs,  Vines,  &e. 

114 

Class  3 

114 

ADVERTISING    SHEET 


TO  THE 


BOOK  OF  FRUITS; 


FOE 


1838. 


POI^OZiOGZCAZi    GAXIDENS, 

OJV  DE£RBORX  STREET— SJLEM. 

FRUIT  TREES,    VINES,    SHRUBS,    AND 

ORNAMENTAL    TREES. 

Warranted  conrect,  constantly  fot  sale  al  ROBERT  MANNING'S  Pomologkal 

Garden,  and  at  JOHN  M.  IVES'  adjoining  JVarscry— packed  for 

transportation,  and  at  Nursery  prices. 

SCIONS    OF  FRUIT    TREES,   &c.  &c. 
SOOIC,  STATZOnmi?  AND  SSED  STORE. 
IVES    &    JEWETT, 

193     ESSEX     STREET,    HAVE    CONSTANTLY    FOR    SALE, 

OF  THE  BEST  VARIETIES,  DONE  UP  IN  A  NEAT  MANNER, 
WITH    DIRECTIONS    FOR     CULTURE,    &C.   &e. 

ALSO, 

SCHOOL  BOOKS   AND   STATIONERY, 

WHOLESALE     AND     RETAIL. 

^f  All  the   standard  works  on  AGRICULTURE  AJVD   GjIRDEJVLVO 

together  with  a  complete  assortment  of  CUTLERY— Pruning 

and  Budding  Knives,  Shears,  &.c>  &.C. 


NEW-ENGLAND 
AGRZCUZiTURAZ.    WAREHOUSB, 

SEED    STORE, 

AND  OFFICE  OF  THE  NEW-ENGLAND  FARMER, 
No.  SI  «>  59  North  Karket  Street,  BOSTON. 

JOSEPH  BRECK  &  CO. 


(Cj'  The  Proprietors  of  lliis  Eslablishment  would  inform  their 
friends  and  the  public,  that  they  keep  coustaiilly  on  hand  and  for 
sale,  the  greatest  variety  of  Agricultural  Implements,  Grass  Seeds, 
Garden  and  Flower  Seeds,  Bulbous  Roots,  Double  Dahlias,  &c.  &.C.  to 
be  found  in  the  country  ; — among  which  are  the  following  • — 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


C.  Howard's  Cast  Iron  Ploughs, 
Tice's  do.        do. 

Side  Hill  do.        do. 

Double  Mould  Board        do. 
Wrought  Iron  and  Wooden  Ploughs, 
Scott  Keith,  &  other  Plough  Castings, 
Willis'  improved  Cultivator, 
Green's  Patent  Straw  Cutter, 
Willis'        do.  do. 

Common  hand  do. 

Manure  and  Hay  Forks, 
Scythes  of  all  kinds, 
Patent  and  other  Snaif  lis, 
Hall'B  and  other  Hay  Rakes, 
Grindstones  on  Rollers, 
Corn  Shellers,  Grain  Cradles, 
Chains  of  all  kinds, 


Willis'  improved  Seed  Sower 

Gault's  Patent  Churns, 

Self  Operating  Qheese  Press, 

Horse  Power  and  Threshing  Machine, 

Davis'  Road  Scrapers, 

Hale's  Rotary  Pump,  Lead  Pipe, 

Force  Pumps,    Copper  do.    Iron  do. 

Underhill's  Cast  Steel  Axe, 

Bark  Mills,    Corn  and  Cobb  Mills, 

Harris'  Paint  do.     Winnowing  do. 

Grater  Cider  do. 

Cast  Iron  Cider  Screws, 

Yokes  of  all  kinds  ; 

With  a  great  variety  of  Agriculturil 
and  Horticultural  Tools,  too  numer- 
ous to  mention. 


FIELD    SEEDS. 


Northern  Clover,    Southern  do. 
White  Honeysuckle  Clover, 
Lucerne,      Herds  Grass,  or  Timothy, 
Red  Top,  Southern  Seed, 

do.    Northern    do. 
Fowl  Meadow,  do. 

Orchard  Grass,  do. 


Ruta  Baga,    Mangel  Wurtzel, 

Sugar  Beet,  &c. 

Wijjter  and  Summer  Wheat, 

do.  do.  liye, 

Bailey,    English  Oats, 
Corn  of  various  sorts,     Millet, 
Hemp,    Flax  Seed,    Potatoes. 


GARDEN  SEEDS, 

Of  every  desirable  variety  will  be  furnished,  wholesale  and  retaUj  by  the 
pound,  box,  or  package. 


SEEDS    IN     BOXES, 

For  retailing,  done  up  in  the  neatest  manner  in  packao^es,  with  the  name 

and  directions  printed  on  each  parcel.     Retailers 

supplied  on  most  favorable  terms,  with 

boxes  from  ^1  to  ^  100. 

FOR    THE    FLOWER    GARDEN. 

We  have  a  very  extensive  collection  of  choice  Flower  Seeds,  em- 
bracing all  the  Annuals,  Biennials  and  Perennials  worthy  of  cultivation. 
Packages  of  twenty-five  sorts  for  one  dollar. 

Dutch  Bulbous  Roots. — We  import  of  these  annually  from  Hol- 
land, a  splendid  collection,  consisting  of  double  and  single  Hyacinths, 
double  a:id  single  Tulips,  Crown  Imperials,  Narcissus,  Iris,  Crocus, 
Gladiolus,  Amaryllis,  Ixias,  &c.  &c. 

Double  Dahlia  Roots. — Of  this  beautiful  and  popular  flower,  we 
have  more  than  two  hundred  fine  varieties,  embracing  all  that  were 
shown  at  the  exhibition  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, 
Roots  can  be  furnished  from  the  first  of  October  to  the  first  of  July,  safe- 
ly packed  in  Moss,  and  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 

Fruit  and  ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs  furnished  to  order  at  Nursery 
prices. 

Large  plants  of  the  MoRUS  Multicaulis,  and  cuttings  of  the  same, 
can  be  furnished  by  the  hundred  or  thousand  at  moderate  prices. 

We  would  call  the  attention  of  the  public  to  the  New-England 
Farmer;  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  agricultural  newspapers  in  the 
country,  containing  a  gieai  amount  of  interesting  and  useful  matter  for 
the  practical  farmer  and  gardener.  It  is  issued  at  our  office  weekly,  on 
Wednesdays,  at  the  moderate  price  of  ^2  50  per  year  in  advance,  or  ^3 
at  the  close  of  the  year. 

We  also  publish  the  Horticultural  Register,  and  Garden- 
er's Magazine,  issued  monthly,  at  ^2  per  annum  in  advance,  or  $2  60 
at  the  expiration  of  six  months.  This  work  is  devoted  principally  to  the 
cultivation  of  Fruits,  Vegetables  and  Flowers.  New  subscribers  can  be 
supplied  with  the  back  volumes  at  $2  50  per  vol.  bound. 

Among  our  agricultural  Books  we  keep  for  sale,  The  Complete  Farm- 
er ;  Kenrick's  Orchardist;  American  Gardener;  Brid^man's  Gardener's 
Assistant;  Moubray  on  Poultrv  ;  Silk  Grower's  Guide;  Cobb's  Silk 
Manual ;  Loudon's  Works,  together  with  a  great  variety  of  useful  and 
interesting  works  in  this  line. 

to*  We  hope  by  unremitting  attention,  to  sustain  the  credit  of  this 
Establishment,  and  realize  the  anticipations  of  our  predecessors,  New- 
ell, Russell,  fa  Barrett,  in  making  it  one  of  the  most  complete 
depositories  for  every  thing  in  (he  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  line  iu 
tke  country. 

JOSEPH  BRXSCK  &  CO. 


BOSTON    SEED    STORE. 

ELLIS    ifc    BOSSON, 

At  their  Agricultural  Establishment,  No.  34,  NORTH  MARKET  STREET, 
BOSTON,  Mass.  (up  stairs)  nearly  opposite  the  centre  of  the  Market,  keep 
constantly  on  hand,  a  very  great  variety  of  G-arden,  Grass  and. 
FloTver  SeedSj  comprising  every  kind  of  vegetable  seeds  and  sweet  pot 
herbs. 

GRjQlSS  UNI}    FIEZiB    SEEDS, 


WHOLESALE    AND    RETAIL. 


Timothy  or  Herds  Grass, 
Northern  and  Southern  Red  Top, 
Northern  Clover,    Southern  do. 
White  Dutch  do. 
Lueerne,  or  French  Clover, 
Orchard  Grass,  or  English  Cochfoot, 
(good  for  early  and  late  pasturage,) 
Millet,    White  and  Brown  Mustard^ 
Potatoe  Oats,    Skinless  Oats, 
Buck  Wheat, 

Early  white  Potatoe,  best  variety, 
St  Helena  do 

Yellow  Locust  Seed,  for  timber  trees, 
Long  Blood  Beet, 
Mangel  Wurtzel,  for  stock, 


Ruta  Baga, 

Long  Orange  and  Altringhara  Carrot, 

White  Silesia  Sugar  Heet, 

Black  Sea,  Gilman,  Tea,  and  Italian 
Spring  Wheat, 

Tuscany  Wheat,  winter,  new  and 
fine  variety. 

Red  Chaff,  winter. 

White  Bushy  do 

Spring  and  winter  Rye, 

Broom  Corn. 

And  every  kind  of  seed,  early  and 
late,  the  new  as  well  as  the  old  va- 
rieties, on  terms  very  accommoda- 
ting. 


FZ.O'WER    SEEDS. 

Two  hundred  very  handsome  varieties,  put  up  in  small  papers.    Packages 
containing  beautiful  Annuals,  Biennials  and  Perennials,  at  $1. 

Dutcli  Bulbous  Roots,  in  great  variety. 

GARDEN  SEEDS  will  be  supplied  to  traders  at  wholesale,  or  at  a  large 
discount  from  retail  prices,  either  by  the  pound  or  in  boxes,  containing  a  com- 
plete assortment,  neatly  papered  and  labelled,  with  printed  directions  for  their 
culture.  These  seeds  are  warranted  not  only  fresh,  but  of  superior  qucdity. 
Boxes  of  seeds  containing  a  good  assortment  for  a  family  garden,  at  $3  per 
box. 

Books  upon  Agrtculture  and  Rural  Economy,  wholesale  and  retail. 

TREES,  Grape  vines,  Herbacious,  Green  House  and  other  Plants  in  any 
quantities 


AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS, 

MACHINES,     &C. 

Of  every  kind,  and  most  approved  patterns,  comprising  every  thing  tliat  is 
wanted  on  a  FARM,  GARDEN,  or  ORCHARD. 


YANKEE  FARMER; 


VOLUME  FOURTH:  EDITED  BY  S.  JF.  COLE,  ESQ.  ASSISTED  BY 
THE  COJVTRIBUTIOjXS  OF  PRACTiaiL  FARMERS,  A.XD  EXPERI- 
EJVCED  AGRICULTURISTS. 

Office,  No.  3^,  Nortli  Market  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


The  YANKEE  FARMER  is  a  weekly  publication,  of  eight 
pages,  devoted  to  Agriculture,  on  a  large  quarto  sheet.  The 
price  is  two  dollars  per  annum,  payable  v/itliin  sixty  days 
from  the  time  of  subscribing;  and  every  sixth  copy  will  be  allow- 
ed to  gentlemen  who  procure  us  five  subscribers,  and  remit  the 
money  tn  advance.  A  volume  will  contain  41G  pages  quarto,  and 
be  furnished  with  a  copious  index  and  title  page.  It  is  the  cheap- 
est agricultural  paper  in  New  England,  containing  more  reading 
than  2500  pages  duidecimo. 

Almost  every  man  cultivates  a  spot  ©f  earth,  and  whether  it 
be  a  large  or  small  one,  he  should  learn  the  best  productions,  the 
best  methods  of  culture,  and  the  latest  improvement  in  tools  and 
machines.  These  who  are  not  cultivators  will  find  much  in  the 
Farmer  that  will  be  interesting  and  useful. 

Articles  on  Rural  and  Domestic  Economy,  Arts,  Trades,  &c. 
w^ill  frequently  come  home  to  the  business  and  promote  the  inter- 
est of  every  reflecting  person. 

The  Price  Current  of  Country  Produce,  and  a  weekly  report  of 
the  sales  at  Brighton  Market,  will  be  published  in  the  Farmer. 

O"  Subscriptions  must  be  sent  by  mail  to 

CHiLRZiES  F.  BOSSOZr,  PubliBher, 

34)  J^orth  Market  Street,  Boston,  Ma$0. 


AaRICUZiTUXlAX.  AND  GARDBXr  SEED 

NO.  9,  merchants'  row  boston. 


SEEDSMEN  AND    FLORISTS, 

Offer  at  wholesale  and  retail,  one  of  the  most  extensive  as- 
Bortments  of  GARDEN,  GRASS,  FIELD,  and  FLOWER 
SEED,  to  be  found  in  New  England.  Having  long  been  en- 
gaged in  the  cultivation  of  plants  and  the  raising  of  seed,  they 
can  warrant  every  article,  true  to  its  name  and  of  the  best  quality. 

AaRICUIiTUAAI.    SEEDS. 

Such  as  Spring  Wheat,  Spring  Rye,  Barley,  Buckwheat, 
Mangel  Wurtzel,  Ruta  Baga,  Sugar  Beet,  Mulberry  Seed,  Dut- 
ton  Corn,  &c.  &c.  In  the  selection  of  these  articles,  H,  &  Co. 
give  the  most  particular  attention,  and  purchasers  may  rely  upon 
procuring  the  most  approved  kinds,  and  of  genuine  quality. 

G&A.SS    SEEDS. 

Herds  Grass,  Red  Top,  Northern  and  Southern  Clover,  White 
Dutch  Clover,  Lucerne,  Orchard,  Rye,  and  Dew  Grass,  Millet, 
&c.  at  wholesale  and  retail. 

GARDEIT    SEEDS. 

The  great  variety  of  vegetable  seeds  renders  it  impossible  to 
enumerate  them  in  an  advertisement.  In  addition  to  all  the  old 
and  approved  kinds,  they  annually  receive  from  tha  first  seeds- 
men in  Europe,  every  thing  that  is  new  or  rare.  The  following 
are  among  thoce  ot  more  recent  introduction  :— 


Cedo  Nulli  Peas    ( eai  ]y ) 
Groone'i  Superb  Dwarf  Blue 
£atly  Warwick  Pea« 


Bailey's  Giant  S«d  Celery 

do        do    White  do 
Early  Vanack  Cabbage 


FZiOVTBR   SZSfiDS. 

400  kinds  of  Annual  and  Perennial  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
embracing  all  the  most  choice  and  beautiful; 

12  varieties  of  Superb  Double  German  Asters; 

10        dp.     of  double  dwarf  Larkspurs  ; 

G        do.     of  Zumias,  &c.  &c.  all  raised  by  themselves,  and 
warranted  to  be  the  most  beautiful  in  cultivation. 

Packages  of  20  kinds  handsomely  put  up  for  $1. 

100  elegant  varieties  in  one  package,  $4. 

Including  2  00  varieties  of  Camellias;  40  of  Erica's  or 
Heaths,  Azaleas,  Rhododendrons,  Geraniums,  &c.  ;  Hardy  Pe- 
rennial Flowering  Plants,  ^'C. 

A  large  collection  ot  the  most  splendid  DAHLIAS,  Bulbous 
Flower  Roots,  4  c.  <^c. 

FRUIT    JA.KD    OTmrATaHHfTAJM    TREES, 

Grape  Vines,  Gogseberries,  Strawberries,  Asparagus,  Rhubarb 
Roots,  4  0- 

BOOKS  on   Gardening,  Botany,  Agriculture,  ^c, 

[CT  DEALERS  and  others  supplied  on  accommodating  terms, 
with  every  variety  of  Garden  Seeds,  by  the  pound,  bushel,  or 
ounce ;  or  if  required,  in  boxes,  neatly  put  up  in  papers,  and 
labelled  with  the  name  and  all  the  particulars  of  cultivation. 

0='  A  liberal  discount  made  from  the  retail  prices. 

H.  &  CO.  publish  the  MAGAZINE  OF  HORTICUL- 
TURE, volume  IV  of  which  commenced  on  Jan.  1,  1838. — 
Monthly,  at  $3  per  year. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application. 

*^*  Orders  for  any  kind  of  Seeds,  Plants,  or  Trees,  directed  to 
HOVEY  <^'  Co.  jYo.  9,  Merchants'  Roio,  Boston,  will  meet  witU 
prompt  attention,  and  be  faithfully  executed. — Plants  packed  so 
as  to  go  safely  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


©0  So  c^AiBmm^eosa'^s 

WHOLESALE    AND     RETAIL 

FLUSHING    L.     I.     NEW    YORK. 


ALWAYS      ON      HAND,      A      LARGE      ASSORTMENT      OF 

AGRICULTURAL,  KITCHEN  GARDEN  AND  FLOWER 
of  the  greatest  variety,  and  at  reduced  prices. 

ALSO, 

A  large  collection  of  the  most  superb  varieties  of  Dahlias. 
Morus  MuUicavlis  Plants  can  be  supplied  in  any  quantities,  &  at  moderate  rates. 

In  fact  every  thing  appertaining  to  the  Seed  or  Nursery  busi- 
ness can  be  supplied  ;  and  to  those  who  purchase  to  sell  again, 
a  liberal  deduction  will  be  made. 

A     MOST    EXTENSIVE    VARIETY    OF    THE    FINEST    SORTS,    INCLUDING 
THE     CELEBRATED 

Nm'W   FliEx^lI^H   FEARS. 

Also— Apples,  Cherries,  Peaches,  Plums,  Nectarines,  Apricots, 
Almonds,  Quinces,  Grape  Vines,  Currants,  Raspberries,  Fine 
imported  Lancashire  Gooseberries. 

MULBERRIES  FOR  SILK,  at  a  liberal  discount,  by  the 
hundred  or  thousand,  including  the  Chinese,  or  Morus  Multi- 
caulis. 

03=  All  orders  left  with  IVES  i^  JEWETT,  at  their  Book 
AND  Seed  Store,  193  Essex  Street,  will  be  duly  attended  to. 

{O"  CATALOGUES  gratis,  on  application. 


SALEM 
AORICUIiTURAIi  WAREHOUSE. 

WILLIAM    H.    CHASE, 

AT    THE    CHAMBERS     OVER     HIS     HARD-WARE     STORE,   186     ESSEX 
OPPOSITE    CEXTRAL    STREET, 

HAS    CONSTANTLY    ON    HAND, 

AN    ASSORTMENT    OF 


C  Howard's  Cast  Iron  Ploughs 

J.  &  J.  Sylvester's  do     do 

Plough  Castings, 

Corn  Shellers 

Willis'  Improved  Seed  Sower, 

Green's  Patent  Straw  Cutter, 

Willis'  do  do 

Common  hand  do 

Lead  Pipe, 

Cast  Iron  Pumps, 

Copper  do 

Wood  do 

Gault's  Patent  Churns, 

Shaker  and  common  Churns, 


Manure  and  Hay  Forks, 

Farwell's  Scythes 

Colby's         do 

Patent  and  common  Snaiths, 

Wilder  and  Eddy's  Rakes, 

Grindstone  Rollers 

Corn  Mills, 

Paint    do 

Cast  Steel  Shovels, 

Iron  do 

Garden  Tools  of  all  kinds. 

Cast  Iron  Boilers, 

Cast  Steel  Hoes, 


THRESHZITG   jyi^OHZITIiS. 

Together  with  a  great  variety  of  other  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural TOOLS,  which  will  be  sold  on  the  most  favorable  terms. 

Any  description  of  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS  that 
may  be  wanted,  will  bo  procured  at  short  notice  from  the  manu- 
facturers. 


Saleh,  3d  MONTH,  5th,  1833. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 
BRANCH    OF   THE   COLLEGE    OF    AGRICULTURE 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE    ! 
STAMPED  BELOW  ! 


5m-8'26 


Manniiig,  Ilobert 


4^9- 


3ook  of 


fruits. 


LIBRARY,  BRANCH  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 


